Calcium lactate compositions and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising calcium lactate as an active agent and a polysaccharide, polymer, lipid, or a combination thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions are useful treating cancer. The invention also relates to foods and nutrient compositions comprising calcium lactate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to KR 10-2016-0161931 filed Nov. 30, 2016, which is herein incorporate by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising calcium lactate and methods of use for treating cancer or suppressing metastasis. The pharmaceutical compositions can comprise, for example, polysaccharides, polymers, lipids, and/or combinations thereof. The invention also relates to foods and nutrient compositions comprising calcium lactate.

Background

Calcium lactate has excellent bioavailability and body absorption and has not been known as having a side effect and thus has been used mainly as a calcium enhancer or a pH regulator of foods. However, it has been discovered that calcium lactate is useful as an active agent for treating cancer and suppressing metastasis. See WO2016/108446, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Administration of calcium lactate to cancer cells showed that: the levels of lactate, LDH-B (lactate dehydrogenase B), which affects metabolism of lactate, pyruvate, PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase), which affects metabolism of pyruvate, and α-KG (α-ketoglutarate) in cells are increased; the levels of β-catenin, as a cancer growth factor, PARP, which suppresses intracellular DNA damage, HIF-1α (hypoxia inducible factor 1α) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), which affect cancer cell metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis in cells are decreased; and the levels of growth, metastasis (migration), and tube formation of the cancer cells are decreased. See WO2016/108446.

Further, the anticancer activity of calcium lactate was measured using animal models, which showed that administration of calcium lactate suppressed growth of cancer cells in animal models. See WO2016/108446.

Administration of calcium lactate in combination with conventional radiation showed that an equivalent anticancer effect can be obtained with a decreased amount of radiation as compared with the conventional amount of radiation. See WO2016/108446. Also, administration to relevant cancer cell lines of calcium lactate in combination with various kinds of well-known anticancer drugs showed that a higher anticancer effect can be obtained with a decreased concentration of the anticancer drugs as compared with administration of the well-known anticancer drugs alone. See WO2016/108446.

Novel pharmaceutical and nutrient compositions and foods containing calcium lactate are needed for treatment of cancer or reducing the risk of cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of calcium lactate as an active agent for treating cancer and a pharmaceutically acceptable polysaccharide, polymer, lipid, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide is 1:<0.2 to 1:5, 1:<0.2, or 1:0.2 to 1:5.

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a polymer and/or lipid. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the polymer and lipid is 1:0.1 to 1:50, at least 1:5, or 1:5 to 1:30.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises calcium lactate and the polymer and/or lipid. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the polymer and lipid is 1:0.1 to 1:50, at least 1:5, or 1:5 to 1:30.

In some embodiments, the composition is short-acting or long-acting. The composition can be, e.g., an injectable composition.

In some embodiments, the polysaccharide can be a cellulose derivative, pectin, hyaluronic acid, starch, guar gum, chitosan, gelatin, collagen, alginate, alginic acid or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer can be a poloxamer series, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyglycolic lactic acid (PLGA) series, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid can be a mono- or tri-fatty acid glycerin ester or polyethylene glycol complexes thereof, polyethylene glycol esters of vegetable oils, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, sesame oil, soybean oil, castor oil, corn oil, palm oil, peanut oil, cacao oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, almond oil, olive oil, hydrogenated oil, oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachadonic acid, myristic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, ethyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, octyldodecyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, lauryl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, at least about 40% of the active agent is released after 6 hours, at least about 60% of the active agent is released after 12 hours, at least about 80% of the active agent is released after 24 hours, and/or at least about 90% of the active agent is released after 48 hours.

In some embodiments, upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, less than about 40% of the active agent is released after 24 hours, less than about 60% of the active agent is released after 48 hours, less than about 80% of the active agent is released after 72 hours, and/or less than about 90% of the active agent is released after 144 hours.

The invention is also directed to a sterile glass or polyolefin container comprising the compositions described herein.

The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of calcium lactate as an active agent for treating cancer, wherein the calcium lactate is coated with a pharmaceutically acceptable enteric coating.

In some embodiments, the enteric coating comprises hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), shellac, polymer of methacrylic acid and an ester thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the enteric coating is 10:0.5 to 1:1.5.

In some embodiments, in an in vitro dissolution test comprising a USP Paddle method at a paddle speed of 50 rpm at 37° C., when the composition described herein is placed in 0.1 N HCl for 120 minutes followed by adjusting to pH 6.8 with phosphate buffer for 60 minutes, less than about 20% of the active agent is released after 30 minutes, less than 30% of the active agent is released after 60 minutes, less than 50% of the active agent is released after 120 minutes, and/or less than 10% of the active agent is released after 120 minutes.

The invention is also directed to methods of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administer the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, lymphoma, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, or melanoma. In some embodiments, a second anticancer agent can be administered. In some embodiments, the second anticancer agent is Imatinib, 5-FU (5-Florouracil), Irinotecan, Sunitinib, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Lapatinib, Trastuzumab (Herceptin), Gefitinib, Erlotinib, Methotrexate, Carboplatin, Docetaxel, Everolimus, Sorafenib, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and a monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor. In some embodiments, the calcium lactate and the second anticancer agent are administered simultaneously or sequentially.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise administering radiation. The radiation is provided to the subject in an amount of, e.g., 2 Gy to 10 Gy per day.

The invention is also directed to food or nutrient compositions comprising an effective amount of calcium lactate to reduce the risk of cancer, such as, e.g., an injectable nutritional supplement.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1 and 2. Drug release results of some exemplary formulations of the invention.

FIG. 3. Drug release profile from enteric-coated tablets containing calcium lactate (mean±SD, n=3).

FIG. 4. Drug release profile from enteric-coated pellets containing calcium lactate (mean±SD, n=3)

FIGS. 5A-5D. Drug release profiles of enteric-coated tablets of calcium lactate with different amount of enteric-coating materials after stored at 40° C. for 4 weeks (mean±SD, n=3) (A; 10.9%, B; 8.3%, C; 5.7%, D; 2.1%)

FIGS. 6A-6D. Drug release profiles of enteric-coated pellets of calcium lactate with different amount of enteric-coating materials after stored at 40° C. for 4 weeks (mean f SD, n=3) (A; 100%, B; 60%, C; 45%, D; uncoated)

FIG. 7. Measurement of tumor volume following administration of long-acting formulations.

FIG. 8. The tumor size of calcium lactate- and long-acting (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg)-treated mice.

FIG. 9. Comparison of tumor weight following administration of long-acting formulations.

FIG. 10. Histological analysis for anticancer efficacy of long-acting formulations.

FIG. 11. Comparison of antitumor effect on liver metastasis after calcium lactate administration.

FIG. 12. Measurement of tumor volume following administration of an enteric coated formulation.

FIG. 13. Comparison of tumor growth following administration of an enteric coated formulation.

FIG. 14. Comparison of tumor weight following administration of an enteric coated formulation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Pharmaceutical Compositions

The term “calcium lactate” refers to a type of lactate metal salt that can, for example, exist as a hydrate, represented by C₆H₁₀O₆Ca.5H₂O in which calcium ion is bonded to lactate. Calcium lactate can be in the form of white powder or granules at room temperature, anhydrous at a 120° C. heating condition, and has a solubility of 5% (w/v).

Calcium lactate can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for treating cancer. Because calcium bound to lactate is more absorbable into cancer cells than normal cells, calcium lactate has the advantage of relatively higher efficiency of lactate delivery to cancer cells than other types of lactate metal salts.

In various embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of calcium lactate as an active agent for treating cancer and a pharmaceutically acceptable polysaccharide, polymer, lipid, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide.

In some embodiments, the invention provides an enteric coating of the calcium lactate such that the active agent is protected from the acidic environment of the stomach and absorbed in the small intestine before it reaches the large intestine when the active agent is administered orally.

The present invention also provides short-acting and long-acting pharmaceutical compositions comprising calcium lactate. In some embodiments, the long-acting compositions comprise calcium lactated coated with at least one enteric-coating material such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), shellac and a polymer of methacrylic acid, and an ester thereof.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be formulated into pharmaceutical preparations for oral administration. Examples of the preparation include powders, tablets, capsules, granules or syrups, tablets and capsules, but not limited thereto.

The present inventors developed formulations of hydrogels particularly methylcellulose, poloxamer, pectin, and alginate hydrogel which can remain in a solution or nanoparticle form in vitro, and the gel can form when injected into the body and allow sustained release of calcium lactate. The relatively short drug release time which is the weakness of the hydrogel has been improved by increasing the interaction between the drug and hydrogel or by delaying the diffusion of the drug in the hydrogel.

The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide can be, e.g., 1:<0.2 to 1:5, 1:0.01 to 1:5, 1:0.05 to 1:5, or 1:0.1 to 1:5. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide can be 1:<0.2. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide can be 1:0.2 to 1:5.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer or lipid. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer or lipid can be at least 1:5. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer or lipid can be 1:5 to 1:30, e.g., 1:5 to 1:30, 1:5 to 1:20, 1:5 to 1:10, 1:10 to 1:30, 1:10 to 1:20, or 1:20 to 1:30.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a polymer and lipid. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and lipid can be at least 1:5. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and lipid can be 1:5 to 1:30, e.g., 1:5 to 1:30, 1:5 to 1:20, 1:5 to 1:10, 1:10 to 1:30, 1:10 to 1:20, or 1:20 to 1:30.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the calcium lactate and the polymer or lipid. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer or lipid can be at least 1:5. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer or lipid can be 1:5 to 1:30. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer or lipid can be 1:5 to 1:30, e.g., 1:5 to 1:30, 1:5 to 1:20, 1:5 to 1:10, 1:10 to 1:30, 1:10 to 1:20, or 1:20 to 1:30.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the calcium lactate and the polymer and lipid. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and lipid can be at least 1:5. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and lipid can be 1:5 to 1:30. The weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and lipid can be 1:5 to 1:30, e.g., 1:5 to 1:30, 1:5 to 1:20, 1:5 to 1:10, 1:10 to 1:30, 1:10 to 1:20, or 1:20 to 1:30.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the polymer and the lipid can be 1:0.1 to 1:50, 1:0.1 to 1:20, 1:0.1 to 1:10, 1:0.1 to 1:5, 1:0.1 to 1:2, 1:0.1 to 1:1, 1:0.1 to 0.5, or 1:0.1 to 1:0.2.

Polysaccharides suitable for use in the composition can be a cellulose derivative (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ethyl cellulose (EC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose (MC)), pectin, hyaluronic acid, starch, guar gum, chitosan, gelatin, collagen, alginate, alginic acid, or combinations thereof.

Polymers suitable for use in the composition can be a poloxamer series, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyglycolic lactic acid (PLGA) series, or combinations thereof.

Lipids suitable for use in the composition can be a mono- or tri-fatty acid glycerin ester or polyethylene glycol complexes thereof, polyethylene glycol esters of vegetable oils, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, sesame oil, soybean oil, castor oil, corn oil, palm oil, peanut oil, cacao oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, almond oil, olive oil, hydrogenated oil, oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachadonic acid, myristic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, ethyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, octyldodecyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, lauryl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, or combinations thereof.

The invention is further directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of calcium lactate as an active agent for treating cancer, wherein the calcium lactate is coated with a pharmaceutically acceptable enteric coating. In some embodiments, the enteric coating comprises hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), shellac, polymer of methacrylic acid and an ester thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the enteric coating is 10:0.5 to 10:15, 10:0.5 to 1:1, 10:0.5 to 10:5, 10:0.5 to 10:3, 10:0.5 to 10:2, 10:0.5 to 10:1, 10:0.5 to 1:0.8.

By “pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material can be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.

A pharmaceutical composition, as used herein, refers to a mixture of calcium lactate with other chemical components that are pharmaceutically acceptable, such as but not limited to carriers, stabilizers, diluents, disintegrants, suspending agents, thickening agents, binders, antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, and/or buffering agents. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the calcium lactate to a subject.

The term “carrier,” as used herein, refers to relatively nontoxic chemical compounds or agents that facilitate the incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues. The term “diluent” refers to chemical compounds that are used to dilute the compound of interest prior to delivery. Diluents can also be used to stabilize compounds because they can provide a more stable environment. Pharmaceutically acceptable additives include diluents, binders, solubilizers, solubility enhancers, pore formers, osmotic agents, gas formers, lubricants and fluidizers well known in the art, but not limited thereto.

Diluents can include lactose, fructose, dextrose, sucrose, maltose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, calcium hydrogen phosphate, mannitol or a mixture thereof, but not limited thereto. ther diluents include microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol, calcium phosphate and the like.

Examples of binders can include povidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylalcohol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carboxymethyl-cellulose sodium and thereof.

Solubilizing agents include surfactants, cyclodextrins and derivatives thereof, lipophilic substances or mixtures thereof, but are not limited thereto.

Surfactants include water soluble or water dispersible nonionic, nonpolar nonionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric or ionic surface activators or mixtures thereof, but are not limited thereto.

Examples of disintergrants include crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, glycolic acid starch sodium, and examples of the lubricant include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate and thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can further include antimicrobial agents, such as benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenyl-mercuric acetate, potassium sorbate, and sorbic acid. Antifungal agents include such compounds as benzoic acid, butylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, propylparaben, and sodium benzoate.

Antimicrobial preservatives can be added to the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention in order to protect them against the growth of potentially harmful microorganisms, which usually invade the aqueous phase, but in some cases can also grow in the oil phase of a composition. Thus, preservatives with both aqueous and lipid solubility are desirable. Suitable antimicrobial preservatives include, e.g., alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, propionate salts, phenoxyethanol, methylparaben sodium, propylparaben sodium, sodium dehydroacetate, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, hydantoin derivatives, quaternary ammonium compounds and cationic polymers, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, and trisodium ethylenediamine tetracetate (EDTA).

Antioxidants can be added to protect all of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions from damage or degradation by oxidizing agents present in the composition itself or the use environment, e.g., anoxomer, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, hypophosphorous acid, potassium metabisulfite, propyloctyl and dodecyl gallate, sodium metabisulfite, sulfur dioxide, and tocopherols.

Buffering agents can be used to maintain a desired pH of the pharmaceutical compositions once established, from the effects of outside agents and shifting equilibria of components of the composition.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared following techniques known in the art, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999), herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are short-acting. The term “short-acting” refers to a composition that releases substantially all of the active agent within 48 hours when tested in an in vitro dissolution test described herein, for example, from time of delivery, time 0, until about 1 hour to about 48 hours, until about 3 hours to about 24 hours, until about 6 hours to about 24 hours, or until about 12 hours to about 24 hours.

For example, upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method (e.g., from Labfine Co., Mumbai, India) at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, at least about 40% of the active agent is released after 6 hours, at least about 60% of the active agent is released after 12 hours, at least about 80% of the active agent is released after 24 hours, and/or at least about 90% of the active agent is released after 48 hours. In some embodiments, upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method (e.g., from Labfine Co., Mumbai, India) at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, at least about 40% to about 60% of the active agent is released after 6 hours, at least about 60% to about 80% of the active agent is released after 12 hours, at least about 80% to about 90% of the active agent is released after 24 hours, and/or at least about 90% to about 100% of the active agent is released after 48 hours.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are long-acting. The term “long-acting” is intended to mean composition that releases the active agent slowly after the initial dosage, for example, from time of delivery, time 0, until about 48 hours to about 192 hours, until about 72 hours to about 192 hours, until about 96 hours to about 192 hours, until about 120 hours to about 192 hours, or until about 144 hours to about 192 hours.

In some embodiments, upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method (e.g., from Labfine Co., Mumbai, India) at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, less than about 40% of the active agent is released after 24 hours, less than about 60% of the active agent is released after 48 hours, less than about 80% of the active agent is released after 72 hours, less than about 90% of the active agent is released after 144 hours. In some embodiments, upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method (e.g., from Labfine Co., Mumbai, India) at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, about 20% to about 50% of the active agent is released after 24 hours, about 20% to about 40% of the active agent is released after 24 hours, about 40% to about 70% of the active agent is released after 48 hours, about 40% to about 60% of the active agent is released after 48 hours, about 40% to about 80% of the active agent is released after 72 hours, about 50% to about 80% of the active agent is released after 72 hours, about 60% to about 90% of the active agent is released after 144 hours, or about 70% to about 90% of the active agent is released after 144 hours.

In some embodiments, upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising a USP Paddle method at a paddle speed of 50 rpm at 37° C., when the composition is placed in 0.1 N HCl for 120 minutes followed by adjusting to pH 6.8 with phosphate buffer for 60 minutes, less than about 20% of the active agent is released after 30 minutes, less than 30% of the active agent is released after 60 minutes, less than 50% of the active agent is released after 120 minutes, and/or less than 10% of the active agent is released after 120 minutes.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are injectable dosage forms. For parenteral injections, appropriate formulations can include aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, preferably with physiologically compatible carriers.

Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compound(s) in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active agent can be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipids or lipophilic carriers include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. The lipid can be a mono- or tri-fatty acid glycerin ester or polyethylene glycol complexes thereof, polyethylene glycol esters of vegetable oils, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, sesame oil, soybean oil, castor oil, corn oil, palm oil, peanut oil, cacao oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, almond oil, olive oil, hydrogenated oil, oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachadonic acid, myristic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, ethyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, octyldodecyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, lauryl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, or combinations thereof.

Since the medical application of hydrogels, numerous hydrogels have been developed and studied in many fields, including the medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Although hydrogels are generally biocompatible, they have various problems that are limiting the delivery of a drug, and various efforts are made to solve the problems. A hydrogel is a three-dimensional structure composed of a network of hydrophilic polymers. More than 90% of the components are composed of water. Hydrogels have been actively studied in the biomedical field due to their similarity to bio-tissue such as high moisture content, porous structure, relatively soft properties, and biocompatibility. Hydrogels can exhibit various properties depending on the kind of polymer used as the main chain or the crosslinking method adopted. When a polymer of polyacrylic acid series polymer or a synthetic compound such as polyvinyl alcohol is used, the biocompatibility is low, but the chemical modification is easy, so that the engineering application is very easy. On the other hand, when natural compounds, especially pectin, alginate, collagen, fibrin and hyaluronic are used as the main chain, the chemical modification is difficult. Nevertheless, there are advantages of using these materials that are biologically derived components, as it is suitable for clinical application and there are few side effects such as immune inflammation reaction at the time of transplantation.

It is the cross linking method that affects the properties of the hydrogel as well as the type of polymer used. Even if the same polymer is used as the main chain, the hydrogel having completely different characteristics can be obtained if the crosslinking method is different. The method of crosslinking hydrogels can be broadly divided into physical and chemical methods. Physical crosslinking methods include ionic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bond, and reversible crosslinking by structural entanglement. These crosslinking methods can easily induce the formation of a three-dimensional network structure without the need for a separate chemical additive or complicated process. On the other hand, the chemical crosslinking method typically forms covalent bond that result an irreversible and stable network as compared with the physical crosslinking method. Hydrogels with excellent biocompatibility and various physicochemical properties have been extensively studied in biomedical fields such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. Most hydrogels exhibit shorter drug release time than other drug delivery systems due to their high water content, and there is a need to develop a system with a longer drug release time.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are oral dosage forms. For oral administration, the compound described herein can be formulated readily by combining the active agent with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients well known in the art. Such carriers enable the active agent described herein to be formulated as tablets, powders, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, elixirs, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated.

Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by mixing one or more solid carriers with the compound described herein, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as: for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; or others such as: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP or povidone) or calcium phosphate. If desired, disintegrating agents can be added, such as the cross-linked croscarmellose sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.

Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions can be used, which can optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.

Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active agent into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well-known techniques can be used as suitable and as understood in the art. Pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be manufactured in a conventional manner, such as, by way of example only, by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.

Aqueous suspensions can also contain one or more polymers as suspending agents. The polymer can be a poloxamer series, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyglycolic lactic acid (PLGA) series, or combinations thereof. Other useful polymers include water-soluble polymers such as cellulosic polymers, e.g., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and water-insoluble polymers such as cross-linked carboxyl-containing polymers. Useful compositions can also include a mucoadhesive polymer, selected from, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, carbomer (acrylic acid polymer), poly(methylmethacrylate), polyacrylamide, polycarbophil, acrylic acid/butyl acrylate copolymer, sodium alginate, and dextran.

In some embodiments, provided are pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising calcium lactate and a pharmaceutically acceptable enteric coating in order to control the release of the active agent. In some embodiments, the coating is a film and, in another embodiment, it is a membrane. The enteric coating, e.g., film or membrane, can serve to delay release until after the stomach and to protect the active agent from gastric fluid. The enteric coating can comprise one or more substances preferably of a polymeric nature (e.g., methacrylates etc.; polysaccharides etc. as described in more detail below) or combination of more than one such substance, optionally including other excipients, such as, for example, plasticizers. In some embodiments, the enteric coating comprises hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), shellac, polymer of methacrylic acid and an ester thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the invention the composition comprises a hydrogel-forming polymer and further polymers able to achieve a desired delay (or other change) in the release of the active agent.

In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.

The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable carrier such as lipids.

The amount of calcium lactate included in the pharmaceutical compositions can be, but is not limited to, from 1 wt % to 50 wt %, from 1 wt % to 40 wt %, from 1 wt % to 35 wt %, from 1 wt % to 30 wt %, from 1 wt % to 20 wt %, from 1 wt % to 15 wt %, or from 1 wt % to 10 wt % based on the total weight of the final composition. The concentration of the calcium lactate included in a single dose of the pharmaceutical composition can be, but is not limited to, 2.5 mM to 100 mM, 2.5 mM to 50 mM, 2.5 mM to 25 mM, 5 mM to 100 mM, 5 mM to 50 mM, 5 mM to 25 mM, 10 mM to 100 mM, 10 mM to 50 mM, or 10 mM to 25 mM.

Solid oral pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by conventional techniques such as dry granulation, direct compression, wet granulation, extrusion spheronization, melt granulation or compression coating, but not limited thereto. The coating can be applied as described below and can vary as to thickness and density. The amount of coating is defined by the additional weight added to (gained by) the dry composition (e.g., bead or core containing the calcium lactate) of the invention. Weight gain can be in the range of 0.1% to 50%, 1% to 20%, 1% to 15%, 3% to 10%, 5% to 12%, or 8% to 12%.

The coating process can be carried out by any suitable means such as, for example, by use of a coating machine which applies a solution of a polymer coat (as described above in particular) to the composition. Polymers for coating are either provided by the manufacturer in ready-made solutions for direct use or can be made up before use following manufacturers' instructions.

Unit Dosages and Kits

The term “unit dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit suitable as a single dosage, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient, by which one or more is used throughout the dosing regimen to produce a desired therapeutic effect, e.g., treating cancer and/or suppressing metastasis of cancer.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages. In unit dosage form, the formulation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of one or more active agents. The unit dosage can be in the form of a package containing discrete quantities of the formulation. Non-limiting examples are packaged tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Aqueous suspension compositions can be packaged in single-dose non-reclosable containers. Alternatively, multiple-dose reclosable containers can be used, in which case it is typical to include a preservative in the composition. By way of example only, formulations for parenteral injection can be presented in unit dosage form, which include, but are not limited to ampoules, or in multi-dose containers.

The daily dosages appropriate for calcium lactate can be from about 1 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 750 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, or about 100 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg per body weight. An indicated daily dosage in the larger mammal, including, but not limited to, humans, is in the range from about 5 mg to about 100,000 mg, conveniently administered in divided doses, including, but not limited to, up to four times a day or in long-acting form. Suitable unit dosage forms for administration include from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, about 500 mg to about 750 mg, about 25 mg to about 250 mg, about 50 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 200 mg, or about 10 mg to about 250 mg of the active agent. The administration frequency of the composition of the present disclosure can be, but is not particularly limited to, once, twice, three times, four times, etc. divided doses a day. An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case can be determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.

The foregoing ranges are merely suggestive, as the number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime is large, and considerable excursions from these recommended values are not uncommon. Such dosages can be altered depending on a number of variables, not limited to the activity of the compound used, the disease or condition to be treated, the mode of administration, the requirements of the individual subject, the severity of the disease or condition being treated, and the judgment of the practitioner.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, including, but not limited to, the determination of the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between the toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio between LD₅₀ and ED₅₀. Compounds exhibiting high therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. The dosage of the active agent lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with minimal toxicity. The dosage can vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.

According to the present invention, the pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.

The invention is also directed to a sterile glass or polyolefin container comprising a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the container is non-DEHP (Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP; dioctyl phthalate, DOP) or non-PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone).

A kit comprises suitable containers, such as boxes, individual bottles, bags or ampoules. Suspension compositions can be packaged in single-dose non-reclosable containers or multiple-dose reclosable containers.

Methods of Treatment and Cancers

The invention is also directed to methods of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition described herein, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of calcium lactate as an active agent for treating cancer.

The term “cancer” as used herein refers to an abnormal growth of cells, which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread). The types of cancer suitable for treatment by the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, lymphoma, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, and melanoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is a metastatic cancer such as, but not limited to, lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, lymphoma, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, and melanoma. Cancers which can be treated with the pharmaceutical compositions provided in the present disclosure are not particularly limited as long as growth, invasion, and metastasis thereof can be suppressed or decreased, for example, by disturbing metabolism thereof.

The term “subject” or “patient” encompasses mammals and non-mammals. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the mammalian class: humans, nonhuman primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like. Examples of non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, fish and the like. In some embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, the mammal is a human or a nonhuman.

As used herein, “treat”, “treating”, or “treatment” of cancer by administration of the pharmaceutical composition refers to any lessening of severity, delay in onset, slowing of progression, or shortening of duration of cancer or metastasis of cancer, whether permanent or temporary, lasting or transient that can be attributed to or associated with administration of the composition.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise administering a second anticancer agent. The second anticancer agent can include Imatinib, 5-FU (5-Florouracil), Irinotecan, Sunitinib, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Lapatinib, Trastuzumab (Herceptin), Gefitinib, Erlotinib, Methotrexate, Carboplatin, Docetaxel, Everolimus, Sorafenib, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and a monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the calcium lactate and the second anticancer agent are administered simultaneously. In some embodiments, the calcium lactate and the second anticancer agent are administered sequentially.

Calcium lactate shows improved anticancer activity in cases of administration in combination with a publicly known anticancer drug. This is because the publicly known anticancer drug may not have a mechanism involved in glycolysis of a cancer cell. Therefore, co-administration of the active agent, calcium lactate, and a publicly-known anticancer drug can be used more effectively for treating cancer. However, in some embodiments, calcium lactate is the only active agent used in the methods or compositions described herein.

The active agent, calcium lactate, can suppress various characteristics which can induce metastasis of cancer cells, such as metastasis, invasion, angiogenesis of cancer cells, tube formation, cell migration, colony-forming ability, etc., and, thus, can be used as an active ingredient of a pharmaceutical composition for suppressing cancer metastasis.

A metastasis-suppressed target cancer is the same as defined above. For example, the pharmaceutical composition for suppressing cancer metastasis can be used for suppressing the occurrence of one or more metastatic cancers such as metastatic lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, lymphoma, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, and melanoma.

The methods of the invention can further comprise administering radiation. The radiation can be provided to the subject in an amount of 2 Gy to 10 Gy per day. Thus, in case of administration of the composition in combination with radiation, the metal lactate salts improve the anticancer activity of radiation. Therefore, it is possible to obtain an equivalent anticancer effect with a decreased amount of radiation as compared with the conventional case. In this case, the amount of radiation is not particularly limited, and can be 2 to 10 Gy per day. The radiation can be irradiated once per day, or can be irradiated over several days by dividing the amount of radiation.

The term “co-administration” or the like, as used herein, is meant to encompass administration of the selected two or more active agents to a single patient, and is intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure can be administered in a therapeutically effective amount, and as used herein, the term “effective amount” or therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount sufficient to treat or prevent diseases, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment or prevention. The effective dosage level can be determined depending on severity of the disease, activity of the drug, a patient's age, body weight, health and sex, sensitivity to the drug, administration time, administration route, and excretion rate of the composition of the present disclosure, duration of treatment, drugs used simultaneously or in combination with the composition of the present disclosure, and other factors known in the medical field. The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure can be administered alone or in combination with other publicly-known anticancer drugs or components known as known as having an anticancer activity. It is important to administer the composition in the minimum amount that can exhibit the maximum effect without causing side effects, in consideration of all the above factors.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure can be administered such that the dosage per day is, for example, about 10 mg/kg to about 1,000 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 75 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, or about 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. The administration frequency of the composition can be, but is not particularly limited to, once, twice, three times, four times, etc. divided doses a day.

The compositions containing the compound(s) described herein can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments. In therapeutic applications, the compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease or condition, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease or condition. Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity and course of the disease or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. It is considered well within the skill of the art for one to determine such therapeutically effective amounts by routine experimentation (including, but not limited to, a dose escalation clinical trial).

In prophylactic applications, compositions containing the active agent described herein are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of cancer. Such an amount is defined to be a “prophylactically effective amount or dose.” In this use, the precise amounts also depend on the patient's state of health, weight, and the like. It is considered well within the skill of the art for one to determine such prophylactically effective amounts by routine experimentation (e.g., a dose escalation clinical trial). When used in a patient, effective amounts for this use will depend on the severity and course of the disease, disorder or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.

In the case wherein the patient's condition does not improve, upon the doctor's discretion the administration of the active agent described herein can be administered chronically, that is, for an extended period of time, including throughout the duration of the patient's life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control or limit the symptoms of the patient's disease or condition.

The amount of a given agent that will correspond to such an amount will vary depending upon factors such as the particular compound, disease condition and its severity, the identity (e.g., age, weight, gender, etc.) of the subject or host in need of treatment, but can nevertheless be routinely determined in a manner known in the art according to the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, e.g., the specific agent being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, and the subject or host being treated.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise administering a second active agent, such as cytotoxic agents, e.g., 5-FU, Methotrexate, Irinotecan, Docetaxel, Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin, targeted agents, e.g., Sunitinib, Sorafenib, Lapatinib, Imatinib, Erlotinib, Gefitinib, Trastuzumab (Herceptin), Everolimus, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAi), monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor (MCTi), hormonal drugs, and cell therapies.

In some embodiments, the methods comprise administering a second anticancer agent such as USFDA approved drugs known in the art for cancer treatment including but are not limited to the following:

Drug name Indications Mode of action Bavencio Merkel cell carcinoma programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) (avelumab) blocking antibody Kisqali breast cancer inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (ribociclib) (CDK) 4 and 6 Olmutinib non-small cell lung Covalently bonding to a cysteine residue cancer near the kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor Xermelo carcinoid syndrome a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor (telotristat ethyl) diarrhea Zejula primary peritoneal cancer poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (niraparib) inhibitor Cabometyx renal cell carcinoma tyrosine kinase inhibitor (cabozantinib) Keytruda head and neck squamous programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)- (pembrolizumab) cell cancer blocking antibody Lartruvo soft tissue sarcoma platelet-derived growth factor receptor (olaratumab) alpha (PDGFR-α) blocking antibody Lenvima renal cell carcinoma receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor (lenvatinib) Opdivo classical Hodgkin blocking the cellular pathway known as (nivolumab) lymphoma PD-1/PD-L1 Opdivo recurrent or metastatic programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) (nivolumab) squamous cell carcinoma blocking antibody of the head and neck Rubraca ovarian cancer and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (rucaparib) deleterious germline or inhibitor somatic BRCA mutation Sustol prevention of serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist (granisetron) chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting Syndros anorexia associated with orally administered liquid formulation of (dronabinol oral AIDS and nausea and the pharmaceutical cannabinoid solution) vomiting associated with dronabinol, a pharmaceutical version of cancer chemotherapy tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) Tecentriq urothelial carcinoma and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (atezolizumab) metastatic non-small cell blocking antibody lung cancer Venclexta chronic lymphocytic BCL-2 inhibitor (venetoclax) leukemia with 17p deletion Alecensa ALK-positive, metastatic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (alectinib) non-small cell lung cancer Cotellic BRAF V600E or V600K tyrosine kinase inhibitor (cobimetinib) melanoma Darzalex multiple myeloma human CD38-directed monoclonal (daratumumab) antibody Empliciti multiple myeloma SLAMF7-directed immunostimulatory (elotuzumab) patients who have antibody received prior therapies Farydak Multiple myeloma histone deacetylase inhibitor (panobinostat) Ibrance ER-positive, HER2- pyridopyrimidine-derived cyclin- (palbociclib) negative breast cancer dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor Imlygic unresectable recurrent genetically modified oncolytic viral (talimogene melanoma therapy laherparepvec) Keytruda PD-L1 positive advanced blocking the cellular pathway known as (pembrolizumab) non-small cell lung PD-1/PD-L1 cancer Lenvima thyroid cancer receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor (lenvatinib) Lonsurf metastatic colorectal trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic (trifluridine and cancer inhibitor, and tipiracil, a thymidine tipiracil) phosphorylase inhibitor Ninlaro Multiple myeloma proteasome inhibitor (ixazomib) Odomzo locally advanced basal hedgehog pathway inhibitor (sonidegib) cell carcinoma Onivyde metastatic pancreatic topoisomerase inhibitor (irinotecan liposome cancer injection) Opdivo renal cell carcinoma blocking the cellular pathway known as (nivolumab) PD-1/PD-L1 Opdivo metastatic squamous human monoclonal antibody that blocks (nivolumab) non-small cell lung the interaction between PD-1 and cancer its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2 Portrazza metastatic squamous epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (necitumumab) non-small cell lung antagonist cancer Tagrisso EGFR T790M mutation EGFR-TKI, a targeted cancer therapy (osimertinib) positive non-small cell lung cancer Unituxin pediatrics with high-risk chimeric monoclonal antibody (dinutuximab) neuroblastoma Varubi chemotherapy-induced substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor (rolapitant) nausea and vomiting antagonist Varubi chemotherapy-induced a substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) (rolapitant) nausea and vomiting receptor antagonist Vistogard fluorouracil or pyrimidine analog (uridine triacetate) capecitabine overdose Yondelis liposarcoma or alkylating agent (trabectedin) leiomyosarcoma Akynzeo chemotherapy-induced netupitant, a substance P/neurokinin 1 (netupitant and nausea and vomiting (NK1) receptor antagonist, and palonosetron) palonosetron, a serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist Beleodaq relapsed or refractory histone deacetylase inhibitor (belinostat) peripheral T-cell lymphoma Blincyto Philadelphia Immunotherapy (blinatumomab) chromosome-negative relapsed/refractory B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia Cyramza gastric cancer recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal (ramucirumab) antibody Imbruvica chronic lymphocytic selective inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine (ibrutinib) leukemia kinase (Btk) Kadcyla HER2-positive metastatic HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate (ado-trastuzumab breast cancer emtansine) Lynparza previously treated BRCA a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (olaparib) mutated advanced inhibitor ovarian cancer Opdivo unresectable or a human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) (nivolumab) metastatic melanoma monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 receptor and blocks its interaction with PD-L1 and PD-L2, releasing PD- 1 pathway-mediated inhibition of the immune response, including the anti- tumor immune response Zydelig relapsed CLL, follicular a small molecule inhibitor of (ideialisib) B-cell NHL and small phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) delta, lymphocytic lymphoma an intracellular signaling component Zykadia ALK+ metastatic non- a highly selective inhibitor of anaplastic (ceritinib) small cell lung cancer lymphoma kinase (ALK), a gene implicated in the development of some cancers Gazyva previously untreated a monoclonal antibody that targets the (obinutuzumab) chronic lymphocytic CD20 antigen expressed on the surface of leukemia pre B- and mature B-lymphocytes Gilotrif metastatic non-small cell covalently binds to the kinase domains of (afatinib) lung cancer with EGFR EGFR (ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2), and mutations HER4 (ErbB4) and irreversibly inhibits tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation, resulting in downregulation of ErbB signaling Imbruvica mantle cell lymphoma selective inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine (ibrutinib) kinase (Btk) Kadcyla HER2-positive metastatic a HER2-targeted antibody-drug (ado-trastuzumab breast cancer conjugate emtansine) Mekinist unresectable or orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen- (trametinib) metastatic melanoma activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) with BRAF V600E or with potential antineoplastic activity V600K mutations Pomalyst relapsed and refractory immunomodulatory antineoplastic agent (pomalidomide) multiple myeloma Revlimid mantle cell lymphoma immunomodulatory agent with (lenalidomide) antiangiogenic and antineoplastic properties Stivarga gastrointestinal stromal potent oral multi-kinase inhibitor with a (regorafenib) tumor kinase inhibition profile targeting angiogenic, stromal and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (TK) Tafinlar unresectable or inhibitor of some mutated forms of (dabrafenib) metastatic melanoma BRAF kinases, as well as wild-type with BRAF V600E BRAF and CRAF kinases mutation Valchlor Stage IA/IB alkylating agent which inhibits rapidly (mechlorethamine) gel mycosisfungoides-type proliferating cells cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Xgeva giant cell tumor of bone human IgG2 monoclonal antibody that (denosumab) binds to human RANKL Xofigo prostate cancer with bone alpha particle-emitting pharmaceutical, is (radium Ra 223 metastases a radiotherapeutic drug dichloride) Abraxane non-small cell lung intravenous nanoparticle, albumin-bound (paclitaxel protein- cancer formulation of paclitaxel bound particles for injectable suspension) Afinitor renal angiomyolipoma inhibitor of mTOR (mammalian target of (everolimus) associated with tuberous rapamycin), a serine-threonine kinase, sclerosis complex downstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway Afinitor hormone receptor- inhibitor of mTOR (mammalian target of (everolimus) positive, HER2-negative rapamycin), is an antineoplastic agent breast cancer Bosulif Ph+ chronic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (bosutinib) myelogenous leukemia Cometriq thyroid cancer pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (cabozantinib) Erivedge basal cell carcinoma inhibitor of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling (vismodegib) pathway Iclusig chronic myeloid small-molecule dual Abl/Src protein (ponatinib) leukemia and inhibitor Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia Inlyta advanced renal cell tyrosine kinase inhibitor (axitinib) carcinoma Kyprolis multiple myeloma proteasome inhibitor (carfilzomib) Marqibo Ph- acute lymphoblastic preventing chromosome segregation, (vinCRIStine sulfate leukemia triggering metaphase arrest and inhibition LIPOSOME injection) of mitosis Neutroval severe chemotherapy- binds to G-CSF receptors and stimulates (tbo-filgrastim) induced neutropenia proliferation of neutrophil Perjeta HER2+ metastatic breast HER2/neu receptor antagonist compound (pertuzumab) cancer Picato actinic keratosis inducer of apoptosis (cell death) (ingenol mebutate) gel Stivarga metastatic colorectal small molecule inhibitor of multiple (regorafenib) cancer membrane-bound and intracellular kinases Subsys breakthrough cancer pain opioid agonist whose principal (fentanyl sublingual therapeutic action is analgesia spray) Synribo chronic or accelerated synthesis inhibitor and is independent of (omacetaxine phase chronic myeloid direct Bcr-Abl binding mepesuccinate) leukemia Votrient soft tissue sarcoma vascular epidermal growth factor (pazopanib) receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor Xtandi (enzalutamide) metastatic castration- androgen receptor inhibitor resistant prostate cancer Zaltrap metastatic colorectal fusion protein specifically designed to (ziv-aflibercept) cancer bind all forms of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) Abstral breakthrough cancer pain precise mechanism of the analgesic (fentanyl sublingual in opioid-tolerant patients action is unknown tablets) Adcetris Hodgkin lymphoma and antibody-drug conjugate comprised of an (brentuximab vedotin) anaplastic large cell anti-CD30 antibody lymphoma Afinitor advanced pancreatic antineoplastic agent that works by (everolimus) neuroendocrine tumors inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) Erwinaze acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells to synthesize asparagine (asparaginase Erwinia leukemia due to lack of asparagine synthetase chrysanthemi) activity Lazanda breakthrough cancer pain nasal spray formulation of fentanyl (fentanyl citrate) nasal citrate, a highly effective opiate spray analgesic Sutent pancreatic oral multi-kinase inhibitor and works by (sunitinib malate) neuroendocrine tumors blocking multiple molecular targets Sylatron Melanoma covalent conjugate of recombinant alfa- (peginterferon alfa-2b) 2b interferon with monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (PEG) Vandetanib thyroid cancer receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor (vandetanib) Xalkori ALK+ non-small cell ATP-competitive small molecule dual (crizotinib) lung cancer inhibitor of mesenchymal epithelial transition growth factor (c-Met or hepatocyte growth factor) and ALK tyrosine kinases Yervoy metastatic melanoma recombinant, human monoclonal (ipilimurnab) antibody that binds to the cytotoxic T- lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) Zelboraf BRAF + melanoma selective inhibitor of the activated (vemurafenib) BRAFV600E gene Zytiga prostate cancer orally active inhibitor CYP17 a (abiraterone acetate) cytochrome p450 complex Halaven metastatic breast cancer non-taxane microtubule dynamics (eribulin mesylate) inhibitor Herceptin gastric cancer humanized IgG1 kappa monoclonal (trastuzumab) antibody that selectively binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 protein (HER2) Jevtana prostate cancer disrupting the microtubular network (cabazitaxel) Provenge hormone refractory autologous cellular immunotherapy (sipuleucel-T) prostate cancer designed to induce an immune response targeted against PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase) Xgeva prevention of skeletal- human IgG2 monoclonal antibody that (denosumab) related events in patients binds to human RANKL with bone metastases from solid tumors Zuplenz post-operative, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (ondansetron oral chemotherapy and soluble film) radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting Afinitor renal cell carcinoma inhibitor of mTOR (mammalian target of (everolimus) rapamycin), a serine-threonine kinase, downstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway Arzerra chronic lymphocytic an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (ofatumumab) leukemia Avastin renal cell carcinoma humanized antibody to vascular (bevacizumab) endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Cervarix prevention of cervical a non-infectious recombinant, AS04- [Human Papillomavirus cancer and cervical adjuvanted vaccine that contains Bivalent intraepithelial neoplasia recombinant L1 protein, the major (Types 16 and 18) caused by HPV types 16 antigenic protein of the capsid, of Vaccine, Recombinant and 18 oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 Elitek management of plasma a recombinant urate oxidase developed (rasburicase) uric acid levels in adults for the prevention and treatment of with malignancies hyperuricemia in subjects receiving chemotherapy Folotyn peripheral T-cell a small molecule chemotherapeutic agent (pralatrexate injection) lymphoma that inhibits dihdrofolate reductase (DHFR) Istodax cutaneous T-cell histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (romidepsin) lymphoma Onsolis breakthrough cancer pain precise mechanism of the analgesic (fentanyl buccal) action is unknown Votrient renal cell carcinoma a vascular epidermal growth factor (pazopanib) receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor Degarelix Prostate Cancer a Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (degarelix for injection) (GnRH) receptor antagonist Fusilev For rescue after high- the synthesis of purinic and pyrimidinic (levoleucovorin) dose methotrexate bases, the building blocks of DNA therapy in osteosarcoma and to reduce the toxicity of methotrexate Mozobil non-Hodgkin's a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer and (plerixafor injection) lymphoma and multiple inhibitor of the CXCR4 chemokine myeloma receptor Sancuso chemotherapy-induced a transdermal elective 5- (granisetron) nausea and vomiting hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist with little or no affinity for other serotonin receptors Treanda Chronic lymphocytic rationally designed purine analog and (bendamustine leukemia and B-cell non- alkylator hybrid hydrochloride) Hodgkin's lymphoma Evista the treatment/prevention estrogen agonist/antagonist, referred to as (raloxifene of osteoporosis and a selective estrogen receptor modulator hydrochloride) reduction of breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women Hycamtin small cell lung cancer a semi-synthetic derivative of (topotecan camptothecin and is an anti-tumor drug hydrochloride) with topoisomerase I-inhibitory activity Ixempra Breast cancer semi-synthetic analog of epothilone B (ixabepilone) Tasigna chronic myelogenous signal transduction inhibitor of the Bcr- (nilotinib hydrochloride leukemia Abl kinase, c-kit and Platelet Derived monohydrate) Growth Factor (PDGF) Torisel renal cell carcinoma derivative of rapamycin, an agent that (temsirolimus) exhibits antifungal, immunosuppressant and antitumor activities Tykerb breast cancer inhibitor of the intracellular tyrosine (lapatinib) kinase domains of both Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR [ErbB1]) and of Human Epidermal Receptor Type 2 (HER-2 [ErbB2]) receptors Gardasil Cervical Cancer Caused delivers HPV-6, -11, -16 and -18 L1 (quadrivalent human by Human protein, conferring protection against papillomavirus (types Papillomavirus these HPV strain 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine) Sprycel Chronic Myeloid multiply-targeted tyrosine kinase (dasatinib) Leukemia inhibitor Sutent Kidney orally-available small-molecule multiple (sunitinib) Cancer/Gastrointestinal receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Stromal Tumors Vectibix colorectal cancer recombinant, human IgG2 kappa (panitumumab) monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Arranon Lymphoblastic Leukemia a cytotoxic deoxyguanosine analogue (nelarabine) prodrug Nexavar Renal Cell Carcinoma a multikinase inhibitor targeting a (sorafenib) number of serine/threonine and receptor tyrosine kinases Alimta Mesothelioma antifolate antineoplastic agent that exerts (pemetrexed for its action by disrupting folate-dependent injection) metabolic processes essential for cell replication Avastin Colorectal Cancer binds VEGF and prevents the interaction (bevacizumab) of VEGF to its receptors (Flt-1 and KDR) on the surface of endothelial cells Clolar Lymphoblastic Leukemia disrupts DNA synthesis and causes fatal (clofarabine) replication errors through the disruption of several intracellular syntetic pathways Erbitux Colorectal Cancer injection is a monoclonal antibodyt hat (cetuximab) targets and inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Sensipar Hyperparathyroidism/ increases the sensitivity of the calcium- (cinacalcet) Hypercalcemia sensing receptor to activation by extracellular calcium Tarceva Non-small cell lung Human Epidermal Growth Factor (erlotinib, OSI 774) cancer Receptor Type 1/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor Aloxi Chemotherapy side injectable anti-vomiting and anti-nausea (palonosetron) effects agent taken just chemotherapy treatments Bexxar Non-Hodgkin's a murine IgG2a lambda monoclonal Lymphoma antibody directed against the CD20 antigen Emend Chemotherapy-induced P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist (aprepitant) Nausea and Vomiting Iressa Non-Small-Cell Lung anticancer drug that inhibits an enzyme (gefitinib) Cancer (tyrosine kinase) Plenaxis Prostate Cancer a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (abarelix for injectable (GnRH) antagonist suspension) Premarin prevention of oral administration contains a mixture of (conjugated estrogens) postmenopausal conjugated estrogens obtained osteoporosis and exclusively from natural sources treatment of vasomotor menopause symptoms UroXatral Benign Prostatic selective antagonist of post-synaptic (alfuzosin HCl Hyperplasia alpha1-adrenoreceptors extended-release tablets) Velcade Multiple Myeloma reversible inhibitor of the chymotrypsin- (bortezomib) like activity of the 26S proteasome in mammalian cells Eligard Advanced prostate cancer LH-RH agonist, acts as a potent inhibitor (leuprolide acetate) of gonadotropin secretion when given continuously in therapeutic dose Eloxatin Metastatic colon or organoplatinum alkylating agent that (oxaliplatin/5- rectum carcinomas that increases the tumor response rate to 5- fluorouracil/leucovorin) have recurred or FU/LV treatment progressed within six months folowing first- line treatment Faslodex Hormone receptor estrogen receptor antagonist that binds to (fulvestrant) positive metastatic breast the estrogen receptor cancer Gleevec Gastrointestinal stromal receptor tyrosine kinases for platelet- (imatinib mesylate) tumors (GISTs) derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF), c-kit, and inhibits PDGF- and SCF-mediated cellular events Neulasta Neutropenia protein that stimulates the production of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that is depleted during cytotoxic chemotherapy SecreFlo Pancreatic dysfunction non-pyrogenic, lypholized white cake (secretin) and gastrinoma powder acetate salt of secretin, a peptide hormone Zevalin Non-Hodgkin's complementarity-determining regions of (ibritumomab tiuxetan) lymphoma Ibritumomab bind to the CD20 antigen on B lymphocytes Zometa Multiple myeloma; bone inhibits osteoclastic activity and induces (zoledronic acid) metastases from solid osteoclast apoptosis tumors Campath Leukemia binding to the CD52 antigen that is present on the surface of the malignant lymphocytes Femara Hormone receptor inhibits the conversion of androgens to (letrozole) positive or hormone estrogens receptor unknown locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer Gleevec chronic myeloid protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that (imatinib mesylate) leukemia blocks the constitutive abnormal tyrosine kinase, Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinas Kytril Nausea and vomiting selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) (granisetron) solution associated with cancer receptor antagonist therapy Trelstar LA Prostate cancer a potent repressor of gonadotropin (triptorelin pamoate) secretion when given continuously and in therapeutic dosess Xeloda Oncology first oral drug that works through enzymatic activation of the cancer fighting substance fluorouracil (5-FU) Zometa Hypercalcemia of pharmacologic action of zoledronic acid (zoledronic acid) malignancy is inhibition of bone resorption Mylotarg Acute Myeloid Leukemia binds to the CD33 antigen (gemtuzumab (AML) ozogamicin) Trelstar Depot For the palliative potent repressor of gonadotropin (triptorelin pamoate) treatment of advanced secretion prostate cancer Trisenox Acute Promyelocytic The mechanism of action of Trisenox is (arsenic trioxide) Leukemia not completely understood Viadur For the palliative LH-RH agonist, acts as a potent inhibitor (leuprolide acetate treatment of advanced of gonadotropin secretion implant) prostate cancer Aromasin Tablets Treatment of advanced irreversible, steroidal aromatase breast cancer in inactivator postmenopausal women whose disease has progressed following tamoxifen therapy Busulflex Oncology/Hematology bifunctional alkylating agent Doxil Oncology targeted delivery system called (doxorubicin HCl STEALTH technology liposome injection) Ellence Component of adjuvant anthracycline cytotoxic agent therapy in patients with (the precise mechanisms of epirubicin's evidence of axillary node cytotoxic and/or antiproliferative tumor involvement for properties have not been completely primary breast cancer elucidated) Ethyol Oncology reduce xerostomia in patients undergoing (amifostine) post-operative radiation treatment for head and neck cancer Temodar Oncology oral cytotoxic alkylating agent UVADEX Sterile Oncology treatment of the skin manifestations of Solution cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) Zofran Oncology prevention of chemotherapy and radiation-induced nausea and vomiting Actiq Oncology medicine is absorbed through the lining of your mouth. From there, it goes into your bloodstream Anzemet prevention of nausea and prevents nausea and vomiting associated vomiting associated with with chemotherapy and surgery chemotherapy and surgery Camptosar Oncology Treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum whose disease has recurred or progressed following 5-FU-based therapy Gemzar Lung cancer combination with cisplatin for the first- (gemcitabine HCL) line treatment of patients with inoperable, locally advanced (Stage IIIA or IIIB) or metastatic (Stage IV) non-small cell lung cancer Herceptin Breast cancer used as a second- or third-line therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer Inform HER-2/neu breast cancer prediction presence or absence of increased copies breast cancer test of the HER-2/neu gene Neupogen slow white blood cell reduce the time to neutrophil recovery recovery following and the duration of fever following chemotherapy chemotherapy treatment Nolvadex Oncology reduces the incidence of breast cancer in women at high risk for breast cancer Photofrin Non-sroall cell lung injection in treating early-stage, cancer microinvasive lung cancer Proleukin Metastatic melanoma injectable, recombinant form of interleukin-2 Sclerosol Intrapleural malignant pleural prevention of recurrence of malignant Aerosol effusions pleural effusions in symptomatic patients Valstar Oncology anthracycline that affects a variety of inter-related biological functions, most of which involve nucleic acid metabolism Xeloda breast cancer Zofran postoperative vomiting postoperative nausea and vomiting in and nausea in adults adults Anzemet Treatment for prevention of chemotherapy-induced chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, and prevention of emesis postoperative nausea and vomiting Bromfenac acute pain provides an alternative to opioids for the management of acute pain Femara breast cancer second-line anti-estrogen therapy (letrozole) Gliadel Wafer brain cancer the first brain cancer treatment to deliver (polifeprosan 20 with chemotherapy directly to the tumor site carmustine implant) Intron A non-Hodgkin's initial treatment of patients with (interferon alfa-2b, lymphoma clinically aggressive non-Hodgkin's recombinant) lymphoma (NHL) Kytril nausea and vomiting treatment of nausea and vomiting (grantsetron) tablets associated with associated with chemotherapy chemotherapy Lupron Depot prostate cancer inhibiting the production of the hormone (leuprolide acetate for testosterone depot suspension) Miraluma test breast imaging radiopharmaceutical that is thought to accumulate in areas of increased metabolic activity in malignant cells Neumega platelet deficiency promote the production of the body's supply of platelets in cancer patients with solid tumors or lymphoma who are undergoing chemotherapy Quadramet pain associated with bone targets the sites of new bone formation, (Samarium Sm 153 cancer concentrating in regions of the bone that Lexidronam Injection) have been invaded with metastatic tumor Rituxan non-hodgkin's lymphoma chemically as rituximab, becomes the first monoclonal antibody sold in this country to treat cancer Taxol Kaposi's Sarcoma reduces the size of patients' tumors and diminishes their symptoms and pain Anexsia chronic pain treatment of chronic pain Aredia osteolytic bone provide relief of bone pain caused by (pamidronate disodium metastases of breast metastatic breast cancer, thereby for injection) cancer reducing the need for narcotic analgesics Arimidex post menopausal breast first entry in a new class of third- (anastrozole) cancer generation selective oral aromatase inhibitors Campostar metastatic colorectal treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer cancer that has recurred or progressed after standard therapy with the anticancer agent fluorouracil. CEA-Scan colorectal cancer antibody fragment (Fab') against the tumor marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (“CEA”) Elliotts B Solution meningeal leukemia or erebrospinal fluid in pH, electrolyte (buffered intrathecal lymphocytic lymphoma composition, glucose content, and electrolyte/dextrose osmolarity injection) Eulexin prostate cancer a class of drugs known as anti-androgens, (flutamide) which act by directly blocking the cancer-promoting activities of androgens, or male sex hormones, of which the principal one is testosterone Feridex I.V. liver cancer contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of liver lesions GastroMARK gastrointestinal forms of a magnetic resonance imaging agent for cancer the gastrointestinal tract Gemzar pancreatic cancer a nucleoside analogue that mimics a (gemcitabine HCL) natural building block of DNA Hycamtin ovarian cancer the first topoisomerase I inhibitor (topotecan hydrochloride) Kadian chronic pain provides relief for chronic moderate to severe pain (pain related to cancer) Leukine replenishment of white helps older adult leukemia subjects' (sargramostim) blood cells, fungal white blood cells recover quickly, and it infections helps prevent life-threatening infections, including fungal infections, which often complicate their recovery and increase their risk of complications Lupron Depot prostate cancer shutting down the production of the (leuprolide acetate for hormone testosterone, which plays a depot suspension) significant role in the growth of prostate cancer Photodynamic Therapy esophageal cancer combination with laser light of a specific wavelength and fiberoptic delivery devices to kill cancerous cells selectively Taxotere breast cancer inhibits cancer cell growth depends on (Docetaxel) the formation of an internal cellular skeleton made up of elements called microtubules UltraJect chronic pain treat moderate to severe pain such as that associated with post-operative surgical pain or cancer Visipaque diagnosis of disease in a contrast agent that allows doctors to (iodixanol) major organs better diagnose diseases of the heart, brain, kidney, blood vessels and other major organs Zoladex prostate cancer analogue of naturally occurring LHRH (10.8 mg goserelin acetate implant) Ethyol ovarian cancer reduce the renal toxicity associated with (amifostine) repeated administration of chemotherapy Intron A malignant melanoma exact mechanism of action is unknown (Interferon alfa-2b, recombinant) Leukine Transplantation white blood cells after autologous and (sargramostim) allogeneic bone marrow transplantation as well as after peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation

The invention also includes:

A. A sustained-release pharmaceutical composition comprising an anticancer agent as a pharmaceutically active ingredient, wherein the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one substance selected from the group consisting of polymers, polysaccharides, and lipids. B. The composition according to A, wherein the anticancer agent is calcium lactate. C. The composition according to A, wherein the polymer is a poloxamer series, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol (PEG), or polyglycolic lactic acid (PLGA). D. The composition according to A, wherein the polysaccharide is at least one polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, pectin, hyaluronic acid, starch, guar gum, chitosan, gelatin, collagen and alginic acid. E. The composition according to A, wherein the lipid is selected from the group consisting of mono- or tri-fatty acid glycerin esters and polyethylene glycol complexes thereof, polyethylene glycol esters of vegetable oils, and fatty acid propylene glycol esters; Sesame oil, soybean oil, castor oil, corn oil, palm oil, peanut oil, cacao oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, almond oil, olive oil and hydrogenated oils thereof; but are not limited to, oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachadonic acid, myristic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, ethyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, octyldodecyl myristate and cetyl palmitate; and at least one component selected from the group consisting of lauryl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol. F. The composition according to A, wherein the weight ratio of the anticancer agent to the polymer of the composition is in the range of 1:2 to 1:10. G. The composition according to A, wherein the weight ratio of the anticancer agent:polysaccharide of the composition is in the range of 1:0.5 to 1:10. H. The composition according to A, wherein the weight ratio of the anticancer agent:polysaccharide:polymer of the composition is in the range of 1:0.5:2 to 1:10:10. I. The composition according to A, wherein the weight ratio of the anticancer agent:polysaccharide:lipid:polymer of the composition is in the range of 1:0.5:1:2 to 1:10:100:10. J. The composition according to any one of A-I, wherein the composition is for administration by an injection or oral mucosa. K. A sustained-release pharmaceutical composition comprising an anticancer agent as a pharmaceutically active ingredient, wherein the anticancer agent is coated with at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), shellac, and polymer of methacrylic acid and an ester thereof. L. The composition according to claim K, wherein the anticancer agent is calcium lactate.

EXAMPLES

Calcium lactate is also referred to herein as OMT-110 or OMT110.

Example 1

Calcium lactate was dissolved in water and the solution was maintained at 4° C. for 15 minutes and Poloxamer 407 (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was added to the solution. The mixture was stored until a clear solution was obtained. (Composition: calcium lactate: 400 mg, Poloxamer 407: 2.5 g, Water: 10 g.)

Example 2

Calcium lactate was dissolved in water. Methylcellulose (MC) (DAEJUNG, South Korea) was added to the solution, and the mixture was stirred and maintained at room temperature until methylcellulose was completely dissolved and then kept at 4° C. for 15 minutes. (Composition: calcium lactate: 400 mg, MC: 2.5 g, Water: 10 g.) Example 3

Calcium lactate is dissolved in water, MC is added to the solution, the mixture is stirred and maintained at room temperature until the MC is completely dissolved, then kept at 4° C. for 15 minutes and Poloxamer 407 is added to the solution. The mixture was stored until a clear solution was obtained. (Composition: calcium lactate: 400 mg, MC: 200 mg, Poloxamer 407: 2.5 g, Water. 10 g.) Example 4

Calcium lactate was dissolved in water, and MC and corn oil (DAEJUNG, South Korea) were added to the solution. The mixture was stirred and maintained at room temperature until MC was completely dissolved, kept at 4° C. for 15 minutes, and Poloxamer 407 was added to the solution and the mixture was stored until a clear solution was obtained. (Composition: calcium lactate: 400 mg, MC: 200 mg, corn oil: 400 mg, Poloxamer 407: 2.5 g, water: 10 g.)

Example 5

Pectin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was dissolved in water, and the mixture was stirred and kept at room temperature until the pectin was completely swollen. CaCl₂ was added and dissolved by stirring and calcium lactate was added and stirred until a homogenized mixture was obtained. (Composition: calcium lactate: 400 mg, CaCl₂: 150 mg, pectin: 200 mg, water: 10 g.)

Example 6

Alginic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was dissolved in water, and the mixture was stirred and maintained at room temperature until complete swelling occurred. CaCl₂ was added to the solution and dissolved by stirring and calcium lactate was added until a homogenized mixture was obtained. (Composition: calcium lactate: 400 mg, CaCl₂: 150 mg, alginate: 200 mg, water: 10 g.)

Example 7

The pectin was dissolved in water, the mixture was stirred and kept at room temperature until the pectin swelled completely, then calcium lactate was added and stirred to obtain a homogenized mixture. (Composition: calcium lactate: 400 mg, pectin: 200 mg, water: 10 g.)

Example 8

Alginic acid was dissolved in water, and the mixture was stirred and kept at room temperature until complete swelling and calcium lactate was added and stirred to obtain a homogenized mixture. (Composition: calcium lactate: 400 mg, alginate: 200 mg, water: 10 g.)

Example 9: Drug Release Experiment

Dissolution tester method: Elution Tester (Labfine Co., Mumbai, India); Temperature: 37° C.; stirring: 300 rpm; membrane: Whatman 0.45 μm, nylon.

Release study: 2 g of the formulations of Examples 1 to 8 above were weighed and added to the donor component. The receptor components were filled with distilled water and the cells were set in the system for a total volume of 200 ml at pH 6.8. At each sampling time, 0.5 ml of release medium was removed and replaced with distilled water. All experiments were repeated 3 times. The results of drug release follows.

As shown in FIG. 1, in the formulations of Examples 1 and 2 prepared according to the present invention, it is confirmed that the drug is completely released within 6 to 24 hours. In comparison, in the formulations of Examples 3 and 4, it can be seen that the drug is continuously released up to 144 hours. This suggests that methylcellulose and lipid (corn oil) are properly mixed with poloxamer 407 to slow the diffusion of drug in the hydrogel, thereby achieving sustained release.

As shown in FIG. 2, the drug is completely released within 6 to 24 hours in the hydrogels of Examples 5 and 6 prepared according to the present invention. In comparison, in the hydrogels of Examples 7 and 8, it was confirmed that the drug was continuously released up to 144 hours. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the calcium lactate is incorporated into pectin and alginate to form a sustained-release drug delivery system by forming gelation using calcium lactate, which is a Ca ion salt and not a Ca ion.

Example 10: Design and Evaluation of New Enteric Coating Formulations of Calcium Lactate

Calcium lactate was found to exhibit strong anti-cancer effects in vitro. However, the drug is very unstable in water, especially under acidic conditions, and rapidly degraded. Therefore, it is difficult for this drug to show pharmaceutical efficacy with a general oral formulation because it is readily decomposed in the acidic environment of the stomach upon oral administration. Calcium lactate is also not absorbed when it reaches the large intestines because it is destroyed by enzymes present in the large intestine.

The purpose of this study was to formulate enteric-coated calcium lactate preparation for the purpose of protecting the drug in the stomach and being absorbed in the small intestines before reaching the large intestines.

Two separate preparations have been developed to obtain enteric-coated calcium lactate and the products were evaluated by a dissolution test. In the first preparation, a pellet containing calcium lactate was prepared using a fluidized-bed coater, enteric-coated, and filled into a capsule. In the second preparation, the fast-dissolving tablet of 100 mg of calcium lactate was prepared and enteric-coated. As the enteric coating layer becomes thicker, the acid resistance is better, but the absorption is not complete in the small intestine as the disintegration of the preparation is delayed. Therefore, to obtain the optimal enteric coating layer, the formulation is evaluated with respect to acid resistance and disintegration rate while changing the content of the enteric-coating solution.

A) Reagents and Materials

(1) Reagents

The following reagents were purchased and used without further purification.

-   -   Calcium lactate (provided by Metimedi Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.,)     -   HPMCP (pH 5.0, 5 cps, Shinetsu, Japan)     -   HPMCP (pH 5.5, 5 cps, Shinetsu, Japan)     -   Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (Opadry enteric 91 series, Colorcon,         USA)     -   Microcrystalline cellulose (Vivapur 12, JRS Pharma, Germany)     -   Water was used after filtration by reverse osmosis in the         laboratory and all other reagents were reagent grade.

(2) Equipment

The following equipment were used.

-   -   HPLC system (Agilent, Model 1260 Infinity)     -   Balance (Mettler Toledo, Model ML802)     -   Balance (Sartorius, Model Quintix224-1SKR)     -   pH meter (Mettler Toledo, Model FiveEasy Plus)     -   Isothermal water bath (Daihan, Model Maxturdy-30)     -   Sonicator (Branson, Model 2510)     -   Disintegration tester (Erweka, Model ZT 222)     -   Fluid-bed coater (Enger, China, Model Labcoat II)     -   Tableting machine (Erweka, Germany, Model EP-1)     -   Coater (Freund Industrial, Japan, Model HOT-MINI)     -   Dissolution tester (Labfine, Model DST-810)

B) Analysis of Calcium Lactate

The amount of calcium lactate in the samples was analyzed by a HPLC method developed in this laboratory. This HPLC method was validated according to the ICH Guideline of Q2 (R1) for linearity, intraday and interday precision and accuracy.

(1) HPLC System (Agilent, Model 1260 Infinity)

Quaternary pump (Agilent, Model G1311C)

Auto-sampler (Agilent, Model G1329B)

UV detector (Agilent, Model G1314F)

OpenLAB Chromatography Data System (Agilent, Model CDS)

(2) HPLC Analysis Conditions

Mobile phase: H₂SO₄ 7.5 mM

Flow rate: 0.6 ml/min

Column: Rezex RHM-Monosaccharide-H⁺ column (5 μm, 7.8 mm×300 mm, Phenomenex, USA)

Column temperature: 40° C.

Detection wavelength: 210 nm

Injection volume: 10 μl

Retention time: About 14 mins.

C) Solubility of Calcium Lactate in Various Solvents

The solubility of calcium lactate in various solvents was measured using Higuchi and Connors method. An excess amount of calcium lactate (pentahydrate form and dried form) was placed in a small vial containing purified water or organic solvents. The vials were then sealed and mounted in a constant-temperature water bath and shaken at 50 rpm at 30° C. for 72 hours. Shaking for 72 hours was found to be sufficient for solubility measurements as a preliminary experiment. After shaking, the sample was filtered with 0.45 μm membrane filter (Whatman, nylon filter), and diluted appropriately with purified water, and analyzed using HPLC method. This experiment was repeated three times.

The dried form of calcium lactate was obtained by drying 30.81 g of calcium lactate pentahydrate form in an oven at 100° C. As a preliminary experiment, the weight of calcium lactate was measured after 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours of drying and it was found that the final weight was reached after 24 hours. The moisture content of the dried form of calcium lactate was 4.05% (w/w).

D) Preparation of enteric-coated pellets of calcium lactate

In order to make calcium lactate be absorbed as quickly and readily as possible, the drug should be completely protected from the acidic environment of the stomach and the preparation should be immediately disintegrated as soon as it reaches the small intestine and to release the drug for absorption.

The enteric-coated pellets were prepared using a fluid-bed coater at the factory of Natural Way Co. The preparation process of the enteric-coated pellet of calcium lactate was as follows.

First, calcium lactate was screened with 60 mesh sieve. Approximately 15% of the calcium lactate was passed through the sieve and the remaining 85% was used for the preparation. These fine granules were put into a fluidized-bed coater and enteric-coated until a weight gain of 45%, 60%, and 100% were achieved relative to the weight of fine granules under the following operating and coating conditions.

(1) Preparation of Enteric-Coating Solution

Contents of enteric coating solution (5% solid content)

HPMCP 95 glycerin 5 ethanol 95 water 5

95 g of HPMCP (pH 5.5) and 5 g of glycerin were added to a solution of ethanol:water (95:5 mixture) while stirring and dissolved to prepare an enteric-coating solution.

Operating conditions of fluidized-bed coater

-   -   type of spray: bottom spray     -   batch size: 300 g     -   nozzle type: round     -   number of nozzle: 1     -   nozzle diameter: 0.8 mm     -   air cap: standard     -   pump type: peristaltic     -   column diameter: 12 cm     -   column height: 2.5 cm     -   number of column: 1

Coating Conditions of Fluidized-Bed Coater

-   -   inlet warm up temperature: 32° C.     -   warm up time: 3 minutes         The detailed coating conditions are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Condition of enteric-coating used for fluid-bed coater inlet exhaust product spray balance Coating time temp temp temp rate aap** rotor speed air velocity reading number* min (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) (g/min) (psi) (RPM) (m/s) (g) CN1 3 85 27.6 34.8 2.5 10 30 0 10 96 28 34.7 12.6 2.5 15 35 88 20 96 30.3 36.7 16.6 2.5 19 35 254 30 96 31.4 37.5 19 2.5 22 40 444 40 96 32.2 37.7 20 2.5 22 40 644 50 96 32 36.2 23 2.7 26 42 874 60 96 33 37.3 22.6 2.7 26 42 1100 70 90 34 37.8 22.4 2.8 27 45 1324 80 85 33.6 37.3 24 3 27 47 1564 90 80 35 39.9 23.6 3 27 50 1800 100 80 34.5 37.7 24.1 3 27 53 2041 110 96 28 37.9 24.3 3 27 53 2284 128 96 30.3 38.1 23.4 3 27 53 2706 CN2 10 80 30.5 35.4 −21.7 3 15 40 150 20 80 31.2 36.5 19.5 3 17 45 345 30 75 32.2 37.1 19.6 3 17 45 541 40 75 33.3 37.7 19.8 3 17 45 739 50 75 33.2 36.2 20.2 3 19 46 941 60 75 33.5 37.3 20.7 3 19 50 1148 70 70 33.6 37.8 19.7 3 19 52 1345 80 65 33.6 37.3 20.8 3 19 55 1553 90 65 34.1 39.9 20.2 3 19 57 1755 100 73 34.2 39.2 20 3 21 60 1955 110 70 34.5 35.4 21 3 21 60 2165.4 CN3 10 80 31 35.4 −19.6 3 21 45 210 20 80 31.2 36.7 19.5 3 21 45 405 30 80 32.6 37.5 19.3 3 21 45 598 40 80 33 37.7 19.6 3 21 45 794 50 85 33 36.2 19.1 3 21 45 985 60 80 34 37.3 20.3 3 22 45 1188 70 80 33.8 37.8 20.9 3 22 45 1397 80 80 34.2 37.3 20.3 3 22 45 1600 90 80 34.1 37.3 20.3 3 22 45 1803 100 80 34.2 37.6 20.2 3 22 45 2005 *coating number: weight % of enteric-coated granule against core, CN1: 45%. CN2: 60%, CN3: 100% **atomizing air pressure

E) Preparation of Enteric-Coated Tablets of Calcium Lactate

Usually, a tablet has a relatively long disintegration time. However, the same goal of the pellets can be obtained when the tablet is protected under acidic conditions of the stomach, and disintegrated immediately upon reaching the small intestines for rapid absorption in the small intestines. Based on this fact, fast-dissolving tablets of calcium lactate were prepared, and enteric-coated. The preparation process of calcium lactate enteric-coated tablets was as follows.

Calcium lactate tablets were prepared by direct compression method using a tableting machine (Erweka, Model: EP-1) and 8 mm concave punch. The preparation batch size was 250 tablets. The detailed formulation of calcium lactate is shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Formulation of calcium lactate tablet Component Amount Remark Calcium lactate 100 mg API Vivapur 12 49.25 mg   Filler Magnesium stearate 0.75 mg  lubricant (0.5%) Total 150 mg

First, 25 g of calcium lactate and 12.312 g of Vivapur 12 were weighed using a balance (Mettler Toledo, Model: ML802) and thoroughly mixed. Next, 0.187 g of magnesium stearate was weighed using a balance (Sartorius, Model: Quintix 224-1SKR) and added to the mixture. This final mixture was compressed using 8 mm concave punch under the following conditions. The hardness was adjusted to 80-100 N.

F) Measurement of Physical Properties of Prepared Tablets

Hardness was measured with a hardness tester (Erweka, Model: TBH 125) using ten tablets. The weight of the tablets was measured with a balance (Sartorius, Model: Quintix 224-1SKR) using ten tablets. The disintegration test of the prepared enteric-coated tablets was carried out using a disintegration tester according to the pharmacopoeia methods. The specifications of the calcium lactate tablets thus measured are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Specifications of calcium lactate tablet Specification Result Remark Size (diameter) 8 mm Thickness 4-4.5 mm Hardness 81-85 N n = 10 Disintegration <3 minute n = 6 Average weight 149.2 ± 0.8 mg n = 10

G) Enteric-Coating of Tablets

The tablets were coated with the enteric-coating solution shown in Table 4 using a coater (Freund Industrial Co., Model: HOT-MINI) equipped with a pump (Eyela, Model: SMP-4). Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (Opadry enteric 91 series) was used as the enteric-coating agent.

TABLE 4 Formula of enteric-coating base Component Content, % Remarks Polyvinyl acetate phthalate 66.682 (Coating agent) Talc 13.327 (Lubricant) Purified stearic acid 13.327 (Lubricant) Triethyl citrate 6.664 (Plasticizer) Total 100

(1) In a 1 liter beaker, 300 ml of isopropanol and 200 ml of methylene chloride were placed and mixed using a magnetic stirrer for about 10 min.

(2) Into the solvent prepared in (1), 30 g of polyvinyl acetate phthalate was added and stirred for about 1 hour.

(3) After passing the solution through a 100 mesh sieve, the passed materials were stirred.

Next, coating was carried out under the following conditions with this enteric-coating solution.

-   -   inlet temperature: 65-70° C.     -   outlet temperature: 30-33° C.     -   product temperature: 30-32° C.     -   Injection speed: 1.7 ml/min     -   air: 0.1 MPa     -   RPM: 12-16

Samples of the coated tablets were taken during the coating when the tablets weight were increased to about 2%, 5%, 8%, and 10%.

G) Dissolution Test of Enteric-Coated Calcium Lactate

The dissolution tests of enteric pellets and tablets of calcium lactate were carried out using the paddle method of US Pharmacopeia using the following conditions.

-   -   Paddle speed: 50 rpm     -   Media: 0.1N HCl (0-120 min), phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (120-180         min)     -   Temperature: 37° C.     -   Analysis method: HPLC

H) Results

(1) Solubility of Calcium Lactate in Various Solvents

The solubility of calcium lactate in isopropanol, ethanol, methanol and water is shown in Table 5. As can be seen from this table, the solubilities of pentahydrate form and dried form are different from each other. The pentahydrate form of calcium lactate showed a high solubility of 99.48 mg/mL in water as expected, but 0.024 mg/mL in isopropanol, 1.464 mg/mL in ethanol, and 507.17 mg/mL in methanol. (Even though the solubility of calcium lactate is very high in methanol, methanol cannot be used as a coating solvent in S. Korea since the case of Gincomin tablet.) The solution of dried calcium lactate in methanol is much higher than that of pentahydrate form. But, the solution became highly viscous (like gel) at the concentration of 750 mg/mL of dried calcium lactate in methanol, so we could not add any more drug to determine the solubility.

TABLE 5 Solubility of calcium lactate (pentahydrate and dried form) in various solvents at 30° C. (mean ± SD, n = 3) Solubility, mg/mL calcium lactate pentahydrate dried calcium lactate Solvent (29.19% water) (4.05% water) Isopropanol 0.024 ± 0.003 0.046 ± 0.016 calcium lactate calcium lactate anhydrous: 0.017 anhydrous: 0.044 Water: 0.007 Water: 0.002 Ethanol 1.464 ± 0.02 1.206 ± 0.050 calcium lactate calcium lactate anhydrous: 1.036 anhydrous: 1.157 Water: 0.427 Water: 0.049 Water 99.48 ± 0.34 73.49 ± 1.064 calcium lactate calcium lactate anhydrous: 70.44 anhydrous: 70.51 Water: 29.04 Water: 2.98 Methanol 507.17 ± 8.74 >750* calcium lactate anhydrous: 359.11 Water: 148.05 *The solution became highly viscous (like gel) at the concentration of 750 mg/mL of dried calcium lactate in methanol, so we could not add any more drug to determine the solubility.

(2) Dissolution of Drug from Enteric-Coated Tablets of Calcium Lactate

The tablets were enteric-coated using polyvinyl acetate phthalate as an enteric-coating agent at the level of 0%, 2.1%, 5.7%, 8.3%, and 10.9%. Dissolution tests of the tablets were carried out in 0.1N HCL at pH 6.8 for 120 minutes followed by another test after adjusting pH 6.8 with phosphate buffer for 1 hour. The results are shown in Table 6 and FIG. 3.

TABLE 6 Drug release from enteric-coated tablets containing calcium lactate (mean ± SD, n = 3) Drug Released, % Time (min) EC 10.9% EC 8.3% EC 5.7% EC 2.1% uncoated 0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0 15 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 97.7 ± 3.5 30 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 97.8 ± 2.2 60 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 6.9 ± 1.5 97.3 ± 2.7 90 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 23.8 ± 11.1 97.2 ± 2.4 120 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 41.2 ± 18.5 97.3 ± 3.0 130 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 8.3 ± 3.3 100.3 ± 1.4  140 2.4 ± 4.1 54.9 ± 19.8 101.4 ± 0.4  101.1 ± 1.3  150 96.4 ± 3.3  99.8 ± 0.9  101.5 ± 0.4  101.2 ± 0.9  165 99.4 ± 1.7  100.1 ± 0.9  101.5 ± 0.4  101.0 ± 1.3  180 99.1 ± 2.0  100.0 ± 0.8  101.7 ± 0.1  101.4 ± 1.0 

The dissolution test with the uncoated tablet in 0.1N HCl solution for 120 min showed that the drug had been completely dissolved at 15 minutes. In the case of 2.1% enteric-coated tablets, the dissolution of the drug started at 60 minutes in 0.1N HCl solution and about 41% of the drug has been dissolved at 120 minutes. After that, the drug was completely dissolved at 10 minutes in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. It is considered that the enteric coating is not sufficient as the dissolution started in the acidic solution as described above.

On the other hand, in the case of tablets coated with 5.7% or more, no drug was dissolved from 0.1N HCl solution to 120 minutes. Afterwards, at pH 6.8, the drug was completely dissolved at 20 minutes from the 5.7% enteric-coated tablets, at 30 minutes from 8.3% enteric-coated tablets, and at 45 minutes from 10.9% enteric-coated tablets.

Based on the results, as shown in FIG. 3, it was found that about 5% of enteric-coating for tablets showed sufficient acid resistance in stomach and can be completely dissolved in a short time.

(3) Dissolution of Drug from Enteric Pellet of Calcium Lactate

The pellets were enteric-coated using HPMCP as an enteric-coating agent at the level of 0%, 45%, 60%, and 100%. Dissolution tests of the pellets were carried out in 0.1N HCL for 120 minutes followed by another test after adjusting pH 6.8 with phosphate buffer for 1 hour. The results are shown in Table 7 and FIG. 4. As can be seen from these data, the drug was fully dissolved after 15 minutes of the test as in the case of the uncoated tablet.

TABLE 7 Drug release from enteric-coated pellets containing calcium lactate (mean ± SD, n = 3) Time Drug released, % (min) EC100% EC60% EC45% uncoated 0 0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0 15 0.0 ± 0.0  2.0 ± 0.0 10.0 ± 0.4 100.6 ± 0.8 30 2.9 ± 0.2  4.6 ± 0.4 15.6 ± 0.8 100.9 ± 0.8 60 6.8 ± 0.3 10.8 ± 0.3 25.5 ± 0.8 100.8 ± 1.1 90 11.1 ± 0.3  16.0 ± 0.9 33.8 ± 1.2 100.6 ± 1.2 120 15.1 ± 0.3  21.6 ± 0.9 40.3 ± 1.1 100.9 ± 1.2 130 70.7 ± 1.5  88.7 ± 2.9 98.7 ± 0.6 140 95.7 ± 3.3  102.9 ± 2.7  100.1 ± 0.7  150 100.1 ± 0.7  102.5 ± 2.0  99.5 ± 0.4 165 100.4 ± 0.7  100.3 ± 0.7  99.6 ± 0.5 180 100.3 ± 0.8  101.0 ± 1.8  100.1 ± 1.0 

For 45% enteric-coated pellets, the drug began to dissolve at 15 minutes in 0.1N HCl and about 40% of the drug was dissolved at 120 minutes.

This result was similar with enteric-coated pellets at the higher level. In 60% enteric-coated pellets, about 22% drug was dissolved, and in 100% enteric-coated pellets, about 15% drug was dissolved. It indicates that the enteric-coatings was not complete. Subsequently, the drug was completely dissolved at 140 minutes (20 minutes in the intestinal fluid) for the 45% and 60% enteric-coated pellets and at 150 minutes (30 minutes in the intestinal fluid) for the 100% enteric-coated pellets. The reason of this result may due to the inconsistent size of the raw material of calcium lactate used in the production and, thus, some fine granules were not coated or coated thinner than other fine granules. This extent of dissolution is not negligible but it can be controlled with 150% of enteric-coating at actual production and it is not considered large number for the production at pilot test.

(4) Stability Test of Enteric Coated Calcium Lactate

The stability of calcium lactate preparation was observed with enteric-coated tablets with polyvinyl acetate phthalate at the level of 2.1%, 5.7%, 8.3% and 10.9%, and pellets coated with HPMC at the level of 45%, 60%, and 100%. The stabilities of the enteric-coated tablets and pellets were evaluated with respect to dissolution profile after storage at 40° C. for 1, 2 and 4 weeks. The results are shown in Tables 8 and 9, and also the stabilities of calcium lactate at each enteric-coated level are presented in FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively.

As shown in Table 8 and FIG. 5, there was no difference in dissolution profile of enteric-coated tablets between at time and after storage for 4 weeks at 40° C., except in the case of 2.1% enteric-coated tablets. However, this difference is considered due to the uneven coating of the small amount of coating rather than the effect of storage temperature. There were no differences in the dissolution profiles among the samples stored for 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Overall, there is no change in the dissolution profile of enteric coating tablets containing calcium lactate as the main ingredient when stored for 4 weeks.

Also, as shown in Table 9 and FIG. 6, there was no difference in dissolution profile of enteric-coated pellets between at 0 time and after storage for 4 weeks at 40° C. Overall, enteric-coated calcium lactate preparations were stable and their dissolution profiles were not changed even when stored at high temperatures.

(I) Conclusions

In order to protect calcium lactate, which is susceptible to gastric acid and intestinal enzymes, from the stomach and to improve its absorption in the small intestine before it reaches the large intestine, calcium lactate was formulated into enteric-coated tablets and capsules. Both preparations reached the goal of the research based on pharmaceutical evaluation. It was concluded that tablet form is preferable when considering the easiness of manufacturing on the premise that the dosage to a human body of calcium lactate will be several tens of mg.

In addition, stabilities at 1, 2 and 4 weeks were measured at 40° C., an accelerated condition, and no difference was observed among the stabilities measured immediately before the test.

However, in the case of tablets coated with a content of 2.1%, there was a slight difference in the dissolution profile between the profiles measured at 0 time, but no significant difference of the stabilities among the samples.

TABLE 8 Drug release from enteric-coated tablets containing calcium lactate stored at 40° C. for 1, 2 and 4 weeks (mean ± SD, n = 3) Time Drug released, % Week (min) EC 10.9% EC 8.3% EC 5.7% EC 2.1% uncoated 1 0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0 15 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 98.1 ± 1.1 30 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 3.3 ± 1.5 98.4 ± 1.8 60 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 18.9 ± 4.1  98.6 ± 1.0 90 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 41.0 ± 10.5 98.3 ± 1.3 120 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 6.2 ± 3.4 98.6 ± 1.4  98.6 ± 1.3 130 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 8.3 ± 3.3 100.3 ± 1.4  140 0.0 ± 0.0 63.3 ± 39.4 102.2 ± 2.7  99.1 ± 1.2  150 95.2 ± 3.8  96.9 ± 1.0  101.9 ± 1.6  99.5 ± 1.3  165 99.9 ± 0.8  97.9 ± 1.7  101.8 ± 1.8  99.7 ± 1.2  180 100.1 ± 1.5  99.4 ± 1.8  101.9 ± 1.6  100.0 ± 1.5  2 0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0 15 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 97.8 ± 1.7 30 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 3.2 ± 3.2 98.2 ± 2.1 60 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 14.8 ± 6.9  97.8 ± 1.5 90 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 42.0 ± 23.8 98.5 ± 1.4 120 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 56.1 ± 19.5 98.6 ± 1.6 130 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.7 ± 3.0 97.5 ± 0.5  140 0.0 ± 0.0 38.7 ± 20.3 97.7 ± 2.2  97.8 ± 0.8  150 97.7 ± 0.9  97.5 ± 2.4  97.9 ± 1.8  97.7 ± 0.4  165 100.1 ± 2.0  99.0 ± 1.9  98.1 ± 2.0  98.0 ± 0.4  180 99.6 ± 1.1  99.1 ± 2.8  97.6 ± 1.7  98.1 ± 0.4  4 0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0 15 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 97.3 ± 0.8 30 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 1.8 97.6 ± 1.0 60 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 17.7 ± 9.0  97.6 ± 0.9 90 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 35.4 ± 11.3 97.8 ± 0.3 120 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 50.1 ± 16.0 98.3 ± 0.6 130 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 8.4 ± 1.1 98.9 ± 1.0  140 0.0 ± 0.0 56.6 ± 34.9 99.8 ± 0.6  99.8 ± 1.0  150 97.1 ± 2.5  99.4 ± 3.1  100.3 ± 0.6  100.9 ± 0.8  165 100.6 ± 2.0  100.7 ± 3.8  100.9 ± 0.8  101.4 ± 0.8  180 101.1 ± 2.0  101.2 ± 3.8  101.4 ± 0.8  101.9 ± 1.0 

TABLE 9 Drug release from enteric-coated pellets containing calcium lactate stored at 40° C. for 1, 2 and 4 weeks (mean ± SD, n = 3) Time Drug released, % Week (min) EC00% EC0% EC5% uncoated 1 0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0 15  0.0 ± 0.0  2.0 ± 0.0 10.8 ± 1.7 98.4 ± 0.3 30  2.7 ± 0.2  4.0 ± 0.3 17.9 ± 0.8 98.4 ± 0.3 60  6.1 ± 0.5  9.3 ± 0.1 25.0 ± 1.4 98.9 ± 0.3 90 10.0 ± 0.7 15.1 ± 0.4 32.3 ± 1.3 99.1 ± 0.4 120 13.7 ± 1.0 20.0 ± 0.5 39.0 ± 2.5 98.9 ± 0.4 130 66.3 ± 5.8 84.1 ± 1.3  86.3 ± 16.4 140 93.2 ± 6.4 97.2 ± 1.8 98.3 ± 3.7 150 95.6 ± 4.5 98.5 ± 1.2 98.2 ± 3.2 165 96.3 ± 1.8 98.9 ± 1.2 97.8 ± 0.6 180 96.1 ± 3.9 99.8 ± 1.6 97.3 ± 1.4 2 0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0 15  0.0 ± 0.0  2.0 ± 0.1  9.6 ± 1.3 98.9 ± 1.6 30  2.7 ± 0.4  3.8 ± 0.3 17.3 ± 0.8 99.2 ± 1.4 60  6.1 ± 0.2  8.8 ± 0.2 24.3 ± 1.8 99.8 ± 1.1 90  9.9 ± 0.3 14.3 ± 0.5 31.9 ± 1.5 99.9 ± 1.3 120 12.5 ± 0.9 19.7 ± 0.2 39.2 ± 0.5 100.3 ± 1.4  130 56.7 ± 8.2 83.7 ± 7.7 95.4 ± 0.6 140 86.4 ± 5.9 97.3 ± 1.6 97.1 ± 0.3 150 92.6 ± 4.0 97.3 ± 1.0 96.9 ± 1.0 165 94.2 ± 1.3 98.2 ± 1.5 98.8 ± 2.3 180 95.4 ± 4.2 98.6 ± 1.4 98.7 ± 2.3 4 0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0  0.0 ± 0.0 15  0.0 ± 0.0  2.1 ± 0.5 10.1 ± 0.8 99.7 ± 0.2 30  2.6 ± 0.5  4.1 ± 0.3 14.7 ± 0.9 99.9 ± 0.6 60  6.1 ± 1.0  9.3 ± 0.2 23.3 ± 0.8 99.6 ± 0.2 90 10.3 ± 1.5 14.5 ± 0.2 32.6 ± 0.5 99.7 ± 0.3 120 13.6 ± 1.7 18.9 ± 0.4 37.2 ± 0.5 100.4 ± 0.3  130 69.0 ± 7.0 90.8 ± 8.7 98.1 ± 1.2 140 93.4 ± 2.4 98.3 ± 1.3 98.3 ± 1.7 150 97.5 ± 1.2 100.4 ± 0.8  98.5 ± 1.4 165 97.7 ± 0.7 101.9 ± 0.4  99.2 ± 0.5 180 98.2 ± 1.5 100.9 ± 0.9  99.7 ± 0.7

Example 11: Preparation of Capsules

1. Calcium lactate solution is sprayed on a seed, of a constant size using a fluid-bed granulator to form a drug layer, and the formed spherical granules are enteric coated.

2. Calcium lactate is sieved and selected only for a certain size, and it is enteric-coated using a fluid-bed granulator.

3. Calcium lactate is mixed with a binding agent dissolved in an organic solvent to produce a wet mass. It is granulated using an extruder and then spheronized using spheronizer to prepare spherical granules, which is then enteric-coated.

In preparing the spherical granules as described above, various pharmaceutically acceptable additives can be added as needed.

Although the spherical granulator was used, other types of granulators having similar functions in addition to the fluid-bed granulator can be used.

Examples of enteric-coating agents include hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), shellac, polymers of methacrylic acid and their esters (Eudratgit®). However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and includes a substance which can be used for enteric-coatings pharmaceuticals. As described above, the content of the capsules containing calcium lactate is enteric-coated by conventional methods using conventional additives and put into capsules of appropriate size to prepare capsules.

Alternatively, the capsule contents containing calcium lactate can be prepared using conventional additives by conventional methods, and the contents are put into capsules of appropriate sizes and the capsules are enteric-coated.

Example 12: Preparation of Tablets

Tablets containing calcium lactate are prepared using conventional additives by conventional methods and enteric-coated.

Alternatively, calcium lactate powder is enteric-coated and used to prepare the tablets using conventional additives in a conventional manner.

Furthermore, tablets containing calcium lactate are prepared by conventional methods using conventional additives and enteric-coated, and can be optionally sugar-coated using conventional additives by conventional methods.

Preparation Example 12-1

300 g of calcium lactate is milled using a hammer of Fitzmill at rotating speed of 500 rpm, and a fine powder passed through a 60 mesh sieve for production. This powder is added to 750 g of anhydrous ethanol to make a suspension. To this solution, 9.5 g of HPMC 2910 5 cps and 0.5 g of PEG are added under stirring and allowed to stand overnight. Using a fluid-bed coater, the solution is sprayed to 300 g of 20-25 seed at a temperature of about 40° C. to prepare a drug layer. The enteric-coating solution, HPMCP 95 and glycerin 5 dissolved in a mixture of ethanol:water (95:5), is sprayed on the granules so as to increase the weight of content by 30% of the core. (Alternatively, povidone (PVP K30) 150 g is added to the solution while stirring to dissolve completely.)

Preparation Example 12-2

300 g of calcium lactate is screened on a 60-mesh sieve and the fine granules remaining on the sieve are used for the preparation. The enteric-coating solution, HPMCP 95 and glycerin 5 dissolved in a mixture of ethanol:water (95:5), is sprayed on the granules so as to increase the weight of content by 150% of the core.

Production Example 12-3

First, calcium lactate (100 mg) and VIVAPUR 12 (49.25 mg, JRS Pharma, Rosenberg, Germany) are weighed and mixed well. Then, magnesium stearate (0.75 mg) is mixed with this mixture. This final mixture is compressed to 150 mg per tablet using 8 mm concave punch. The hardness is adjusted to 80-100 N. An enteric-coating solution is prepared by dissolving polyvinyl acetate phthalate in a mixture of isopropyl alcohol:methylene chloride (6:4) to contain 6% coating base. The solution is sprayed to the tablet to increase the weight of the tablet by 5%.

Example 13: In Vivo Efficacy of Long-Acting Formulation

Long-acting formulation was prepared by a weight ratio of: calcium lactate:polysaccharide (MC): oil (corn oil+glyceryl monostearate)=1:4:10. The prepared composition formed a homogeneous solution phase which is easy to administer the injection to the patients. With this composition, the calcium lactate is continuously released for up to 15 days.

Tumorigenesis

Human colorectal cancer cells (5×10⁶) were transplanted to the flank of Balb/c nude mice. The size of the tumor was grown to 150-200 mm³ before calcium lactate administration.

Calcium Lactate Administration

Group 1: Vehicle administration (Control group).

Group 2: Calcium lactate (2 mg/kg) was subcutaneously administered twice a day (B.I.D) for 21 days.

Group 3: Long-acting formulation drug including calcium lactate (200 mg/kg) was subcutaneously administered once on the first day of experiment.

Group 4: Long-acting formulation drug including calcium lactate (400 mg/kg) was subcutaneously administered once on the first day of experiment.

Antitumor Efficacy

Tumor volume was measured 3 times per week until the end of experiment and was recorded by calculating minimum (M) and maximum (L) linear size of the tumors (L×M²/2). Tumor weight was measured after autopsy on the final day of experiment. Tumor mass was sectioned to 5 μm and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis.

Toxicity

The body weight of each animal was measured three times per week until the final day of experiment. After tumor biopsy, condition of the internal organs was observed.

Results

As shown in FIG. 7 (measurement of tumor volume), 2 weeks after a single administration of 200 mg/kg of long-acting formulation, the tumor growth was suppressed by about 20% as compared to the control group. The tumor growth was significantly suppressed by about 45% in the 400 mg/kg of long-acting-treated group as compared to the control group. The result for administration of 400 mg/kg of long-acting indicated a similar anticancer efficacy to that of daily calcium lactate administration for 21 days. These results indicated that long-acting formulations containing calcium lactate at the proper concentration can show the long-lasting antitumor efficacy similar to 3-week dosing of calcium lactate even with only one administration.

As shown in FIG. 8 (comparison of tumor growth), the tumor size of the group for 21 days calcium lactate- and the long-acting (400 mg/kg)-treated was clearly smaller than the control group. Although 200 mg/kg long-acting group showed similar tumor growth to the control group, inflammatory response by the calcium lactate was evidently observed in the tissue.

As shown in FIG. 9 (comparison of tumor weight), the average of the autopsied tumor weight at the end of the experiment is decreased by about 15% in the 200 mg/kg of long-acting-treated group as compared to the control group. And, the tumor weight was significantly decreased by about 40% in the 400 mg/kg of long-acting-treated group as compared to the control group, which result was similar to the daily treated group with calcium lactate for 21 days. These results indicated that long-acting formulations containing calcium lactate at the proper concentration can show the long-lasting antitumor efficacy similar to 3-week dosing of calcium lactate even with only one administration.

As shown in FIG. 10 (histological analysis), the group for long-acting formulation was able to confirm the internal necrosis in the tissues, such as daily administration with calcium lactate for 21 days, even though it was administered only once.

The body weight was measured three times per week, and there was no difference in body weight among the groups. This result indicated that long-acting formulation drugs gave no toxicity during the experiment.

An autopsy was carried out to check the functional status of the internal organs. It was confirmed that there was no effect on the internal organ including lung, heart, liver, and intestines even by long-acting formulation drugs.

Example 14: Rationale for Determining an Optimal Composition of Long Acting Formulation

The long acting formulation was prepared by varying the composition, and then the solution state of the formulation, the possibility of injecting to the patients and the drug release characteristics were investigated.

TABLE 10 Characteristics of drug release by various composition weight ratios. Oil (Corn Calcium Polysaccharides oil) + Polymer lactate (Methylcellulose (Poloxamer) Formulation Parenteral ratio or Pectin) ratio ratio status injection Drug release 1 <0.2 5-30 Homogenous Injectable Rapid release solution 1 0.2-5 5-30 Homogenous Injectable Sustained solution release 1 >5   5-30 Highly viscous Not injectable or precipitates 1 0.2-5  <5 Highly viscous Not injectable or precipitates 1 0.2-5 >30 Homogenous Injectable but Sustained solution too much release volume for subcutaneous injection

A solution having a composition ratio of calcium lactate:polysaccharide:oil (corn oil)+polymer(poloxamer) (1:0.2:5 1:5:30) showed a homogeneous phase, which was injectable to the patient, and the drug was consistently released until 144 hours.

When the composition ratio of polysaccharide to calcium lactate was smaller than 0.2, the drug released rapidly within 6 to 24 hours.

When the composition of polysaccharide was 5 folds larger than calcium lactate, the solution was not injectable to the patients, because it was precipitated and highly viscous.

When the composition of oil (corn oil)+polymer (poloxamer) was 30 folds larger than calcium lactate, the solution was injectable, however the volume is too large to be suitable for subcutaneous injection.

Example 15: In Vivo Metastatic Effects

Cell Culture and Reagents

Human colorectal cancer cell line (HCT-116) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA). Cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 medium (Welgene, Daegu, South Korea) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Welgene, Daegu, South Korea), 100 IU/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Welgene, Daegu, South Korea) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2, at 37° C. Calcium lactate (CaLa) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Mo., USA). Calcium lactate was administered twice a day for 3 weeks via subcutaneous injection.

Intra-Splenic Injection

Mice were anesthetized with a 2% isoflurane. 5×10⁶ of HCT116 cells were suspended in the 100 μL phosphate buffered saline for one injection. A small left abdominal flank incision was made and the spleen was exteriorized for the intra-splenic injection. The prepared cells were injected into the spleen with a 30-gauge needle. To prevent tumor cell leakage and bleeding, a cotton swab was held over the site of injection for 1 min. The injected spleen was returned to the abdomen and the wound was sutured with 6-0 black silk.

Results

As shown in FIG. 11, metastasis was suppressed by calcium lactate administration as compared to the control, and even in the case tumor developed, it was confirmed that the inflammatory response was induced by the antitumor effect of the calcium lactate.

Example 16: In Vivo Efficacy of an Enteric Coating Formulation Tumorigenesis

Human colorectal cancer cells (2.5×10⁶) were transplanted to the flank of Balb/c nude mice. The size of the tumor was grown to 150-200 mm³ before calcium lactate administration.

Calcium Lactate Administration

Group 1: Vehicle administration (V. Control group).

Group 2: Enteric coating formulation drug including calcium lactate (100 mg/kg) was orally administered 5 days per week for 3 weeks.

Antitumor Efficacy

Tumor volume was measured 3 times per week until the end of experiment and was recorded by calculating minimum (M) and maximum (L) linear size of the tumors (L×M²/2). Tumor weight was measured after autopsy on the final day of experiment.

Toxicity

The body weight of each animal was measured three times per week until the final day of experiment. After tumor biopsy, condition of the internal organs was observed.

Results

As shown in FIG. 12 (measurement of tumor volume), 3 weeks after a single administration of 100 mg/kg of enteric coating formulation, the tumor growth was suppressed by about 36% as compared to the control group.

As shown in FIG. 13 (comparison of tumor growth), the tumor size of the group for the enteric coating (100 mg/kg)-treated was clearly smaller than the control group.

As shown in FIG. 14 (comparison of tumor weight), the average of the autopsied tumor weight at the end of the experiment is decreased by about 25% in the 100 mg/kg of enteric coating-treated group as compared to the control group.

The body weight was measured every week, and there was no difference in body weight between the groups. This result indicated that enteric coating formulation drugs gave no toxicity during the experiment.

An autopsy was carried out to check the functional status of the internal organs. It was confirmed that there was no effect on the internal organ including lung, heart, liver, and intestines even by enteric coating formulation drugs.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications, without departing from the general concept of the invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.

The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

All of the various aspects, embodiments, and options described herein can be combined in any and all variations.

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of calcium lactate as an active agent for treating cancer and a pharmaceutically acceptable polysaccharide, polymer, lipid, or combinations thereof.
 2. The composition of claim 1, comprising the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide.
 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein a weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide is 1:<0.2 to 1:5.
 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein a weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide is 1:<0.2.
 5. The composition of claim 2, wherein a weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polysaccharide is 1:0.2 to 1:5.
 6. The composition of any one of claims 1-5, further comprising a polymer and/or lipid.
 7. The composition of claim 6, further comprising the polymer and lipid, wherein the weight ratio of the polymer and lipid is 1:0.1 to 1:50.
 8. The composition of any one of claims 6-7, wherein the weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and/or lipid is at least 1:5.
 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein a weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and/or lipid is 1:5 to 1:30.
 10. The composition of claim 1, comprising the calcium lactate and the polymer and/or lipid.
 11. The composition of claim 10, comprising the polymer and lipid, wherein the weight ratio of the polymer and lipid is 1:0.1 to 1:50.
 12. The composition of any one of claims 10-11, wherein a weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and/or lipid is at least 1:5.
 13. The composition of any one of claims 10-12, wherein the weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the polymer and/or lipid is 1:5 to 1:30.
 14. The composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the composition is short-acting.
 15. The composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the composition is long-acting.
 16. The composition of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the composition is an injectable composition.
 17. The composition of any one of claims 1-16, comprising a polysaccharide that is a cellulose derivative, pectin, hyaluronic acid, starch, guar gum, chitosan, gelatin, collagen, alginate, alginic acid or combinations thereof.
 18. The composition of any one of claims 1-17, comprising a polymer that is a poloxamer series, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyglycolic lactic acid (PLGA) series, or combinations thereof.
 19. The composition of any one of claims 1-18, comprising a lipid that is a mono- or tri-fatty acid glycerin ester or polyethylene glycol complexes thereof polyethylene glycol esters of vegetable oils, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, sesame oil, soybean oil, castor oil, corn oil, palm oil, peanut oil, cacao oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, almond oil, olive oil, hydrogenated oil, oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachadonic acid, myristic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, ethyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, octyldodecyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, lauryl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, or combinations thereof.
 20. The composition of any one of claims 1-14 and 16-19, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, at least about 40% of the active agent is released after 6 hours.
 21. The composition of any one of claims 1-14 and 16-20, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, at least about 60% of the active agent is released after 12 hours.
 22. The composition of any one of claims 1-14 and 16-21, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, at least about 80% of the active agent is released after 24 hours.
 23. The composition of any one of claims 1-14 and 16-22, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, at least about 90% of the active agent is released after 48 hours.
 24. The composition of any one of claims 1-3, 5-13 and 15-19, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, less than about 40% of the active agent is released after 24 hours.
 25. The composition of any one of claims 1-3, 5-13, 15-19, and 24, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, less than about 60% of the active agent is released after 48 hours.
 26. The composition of any one of claims 1-3, 5-13, 15-19, and 24-25, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, less than about 80% of the active agent is released after 72 hours.
 27. The composition of any one of claims 1-3, 5-13, 15-19, and 24-26, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising an elution test method at 300 rpm in 200 ml having a pH of 6.8 at 37° C. using a nylon filter having a pore size of 45 μm, less than about 90% of the active agent is released after 144 hours.
 28. A sterile glass or polyolefin container comprising the composition of any one of claims 1-27.
 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of calcium lactate as an active agent for treating cancer, wherein the calcium lactate is coated with a pharmaceutically acceptable enteric coating.
 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the enteric coating comprises hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), shellac, polymer of methacrylic acid and an ester thereof, or combinations thereof.
 31. The composition of any one of claims 29-30, wherein the weight ratio of the calcium lactate and the enteric coating is 10:0.5 to 1:1.5.
 32. The composition of any one of claims 29-31, wherein in an in vitro dissolution test comprising a USP Paddle method at a paddle speed of 50 rpm at 37° C., when the composition is placed in 0.1 HCl for 120 minutes followed by adjusting to pH 6.8 with phosphate buffer for 60 minutes, less than about 20% of the active agent is released after 30 minutes.
 33. The composition of any one of claims 29-32, wherein in an in vitro dissolution test comprising a USP Paddle method at a paddle speed of 50 rpm at 37° C., when the composition is placed in 0.1 N HCl for 120 minutes followed by adjusting to pH 6.8 with phosphate buffer for 60 minutes, less than 30% of the active agent is released after 60 minutes
 34. The composition of any one of claims 29-33, wherein in an in vitro dissolution test comprising a USP Paddle method at a paddle speed of 50 rpm at 37° C., when the composition is placed in 0.1 N HCl for 120 minutes followed by adjusting to pH 6.8 with phosphate buffer for 60 minutes, less than 50% of the active agent is released after 120 minutes.
 35. The composition of any one of claims 29-33, wherein in an in vitro dissolution test comprising a USP Paddle method at a paddle speed of 50 rpm at 37° C., when the composition is placed in 0.1 N HCl for 120 minutes followed by adjusting to pH 6.8 with phosphate buffer for 60 minutes, less than 10% of the active agent is released after 120 minutes.
 36. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administer the composition of any one of claims 1-35.
 37. The method claim 36, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, lymphoma, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, or melanoma.
 38. The method of any one of claims 36-37, further comprising administering a second anticancer agent.
 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the second anticancer agent is Imatinib, 5-FU (5-Florouracil), Irinotecan, Sunitinib, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Lapatinib, Trastuzumab (Herceptin), Gefitinib, Erlotinib, Methotrexate, Carboplatin, Docetaxel, Everolimus, Sorafenib, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and a monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor.
 40. The method of any one of claims 38-39, wherein the calcium lactate and the second anticancer agent are administered simultaneously.
 41. The method of any one of claims 38-39, wherein the calcium lactate and the second anticancer agent are administered sequentially.
 42. The method of any one of claims 36-41, further comprising administering radiation.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the radiation is provided to the subject in an amount of 2 Gy to 10 Gy per day.
 44. A food or nutrient composition comprising an effective amount of calcium lactate to reduce the risk of cancer.
 45. The composition of claim 44, wherein the composition is an injectable nutritional supplement. 